Anchal Negi -

Understanding the Human Heart: Anatomy, Function & Care

Anchal Negi / July 22, 2026

The human heart is one of the most important organs in the body. About the size of a clenched fist, it works tirelessly every second to pump oxygen-rich blood throughout the body. A healthy heart ensures that every organ receives the oxygen and nutrients needed to function properly. Understanding the human heart helps people recognize the importance of maintaining cardiovascular health and preventing heart diseases. Heart disease remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. However, many heart conditions can be prevented through healthy lifestyle choices, regular medical check-ups, and early diagnosis. Learning how the heart functions empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their health and reduce their risk of serious cardiac conditions. What Is the Human Heart? The human heart is a muscular organ located slightly to the left of the center of the chest, protected by the rib cage. It is responsible for pumping blood continuously through the circulatory system. The heart beats approximately 100,000 times every day, pumping nearly 7,500 liters of blood throughout the body. This continuous circulation delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells while removing carbon dioxide and waste products. Without a healthy heart, organs such as the brain, kidneys, lungs, and muscles cannot function efficiently. Anatomy of the Human Heart The human heart consists of four chambers that work together to circulate blood efficiently. Right Atrium The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood returning from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. Right Ventricle The right ventricle pumps this blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, where it receives oxygen. Left Atrium The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins. Left Ventricle The left ventricle is the strongest chamber because it pumps oxygen-rich blood throughout the body via the aorta. Other important structures include: Tricuspid Valve Pulmonary Valve Mitral Valve Aortic Valve Septum Coronary Arteries These structures ensure that blood flows in one direction without backflow. How Does the Human Heart Work? The heart functions as a double pump. Oxygen-poor blood returns from the body. The right side pumps blood to the lungs. Blood receives oxygen in the lungs. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left side. The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the entire body. This continuous cycle keeps every organ supplied with oxygen and nutrients needed for survival. Main Functions of the Human Heart The heart performs several life-sustaining functions. Pumps oxygen-rich blood throughout the body Delivers nutrients to tissues Removes carbon dioxide and waste products Maintains healthy blood pressure Supports immune function Regulates body temperature through circulation Supplies oxygen to muscles during physical activity Each heartbeat contributes to maintaining the body’s overall health. Why Heart Health Is Important A healthy heart supports every organ in the body. When heart function declines, blood circulation becomes less efficient, increasing the risk of complications such as stroke, kidney disease, heart failure, and reduced quality of life. Maintaining good heart health can help: Improve energy levels Reduce disease risk Enhance physical performance Promote healthy aging Increase life expectancy Common Heart Diseases Several conditions can affect the heart and blood vessels. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Occurs when plaque builds up inside coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle. Heart Attack A heart attack happens when blood flow to part of the heart is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle. Heart Failure Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. Heart Valve Disease Damaged or narrowed heart valves interfere with normal blood flow. Arrhythmia Irregular heart rhythms may cause the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or irregularly. Congenital Heart Disease These are structural heart defects present at birth that may require medical or surgical treatment. Risk Factors for Heart Disease Many heart diseases develop gradually over time. Major risk factors include: High blood pressure High cholesterol Diabetes Smoking Obesity Physical inactivity Unhealthy diet Excessive alcohol consumption Chronic stress Family history of heart disease Increasing age Managing these risk factors significantly reduces the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease. Warning Signs of Heart Problems Seek medical attention if you experience: Chest pain or pressure Shortness of breath Pain spreading to the arm, neck, jaw, or back Rapid or irregular heartbeat Dizziness or fainting Persistent fatigue Swelling in the legs or ankles Early diagnosis often leads to better treatment outcomes. Tips to Keep Your Heart Healthy Protecting your heart starts with healthy daily habits. Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Exercise for at least 150 minutes each week. Maintain a healthy body weight. Avoid smoking and tobacco products. Limit alcohol intake. Control blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar. Manage stress through meditation, yoga, or relaxation techniques. Get adequate sleep every night. Schedule regular health check-ups. Small lifestyle changes made consistently can have a lasting impact on heart health. Importance of Regular Heart Check-ups Routine heart screenings help detect problems before symptoms appear. Doctors may recommend: Blood pressure measurement Cholesterol testing Blood sugar testing Electrocardiogram (ECG) Echocardiogram Stress testing Cardiac CT or MRI (when necessary) Regular monitoring is especially important for people with diabetes, hypertension, obesity, or a family history of heart disease. When Should You Consult a Cardiac Surgeon? If you have been diagnosed with severe coronary artery disease, heart valve disease, congenital heart defects, or an aortic condition, you may require evaluation by an experienced cardiac surgeon. Early consultation helps determine the most appropriate treatment and can improve long-term outcomes. Why Choose Dr. Ved Prakash? Dr. Ved Prakash is an experienced Cardiothoracic and Vascular (CTVS) Surgeon specializing in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of complex heart conditions. He performs advanced cardiac procedures, including: Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) Heart Valve Repair and Replacement Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery Congenital Heart Surgery Aortic Surgery His patient-centered approach, surgical expertise, and commitment to excellence help ensure safe treatment and better recovery for patients with heart disease. Consult Dr. Ved Prakash for Expert Heart Care If you are experiencing symptoms of heart disease

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Paediatric Cardiac Care: Expert Diagnosis, Treatment & Heart Surgery

Anchal Negi / July 20, 2026

Children with heart conditions require specialized medical attention, accurate diagnosis, and timely treatment to ensure healthy growth and development. Paediatric Cardiac Care focuses on diagnosing, treating, and managing congenital and acquired heart diseases in infants, children, and adolescents. Early detection and expert care can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (CTVS), provides comprehensive evaluation and advanced surgical care for children with complex heart conditions. Working closely with paediatric cardiologists and multidisciplinary teams, he offers personalized treatment plans designed to achieve the best possible results while prioritizing patient safety and compassionate care. What Is Paediatric Cardiac Care? Paediatric Cardiac Care is a specialized branch of medicine dedicated to diagnosing and treating heart conditions in children, from newborns to adolescents. It includes medical management, diagnostic testing, minimally invasive procedures, and cardiac surgery for congenital and acquired heart diseases. The goal is to improve heart function, support healthy growth, reduce complications, and help children lead active, healthy lives through timely intervention and long-term follow-up. Common Paediatric Heart Conditions Many children are born with heart defects, while others develop heart conditions later in childhood. Common conditions include: Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) Coarctation of the Aorta Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) Heart Valve Disorders Cardiomyopathy Pediatric Arrhythmias Each condition requires a personalized evaluation to determine the most appropriate treatment approach. Symptoms of Heart Disease in Children Heart conditions may present differently depending on the child’s age and the severity of the condition. Common symptoms include: Rapid breathing Shortness of breath Bluish lips or skin (cyanosis) Poor feeding in infants Slow weight gain Fatigue during physical activity Frequent chest infections Heart murmur Swelling in the legs or abdomen Fainting episodes Parents should seek prompt medical evaluation if these symptoms are noticed. Diagnosis of Paediatric Heart Conditions Accurate diagnosis is essential for developing the right treatment plan. Dr. Ved Prakash works with a multidisciplinary team to evaluate each child using advanced diagnostic techniques, including: Physical examination Electrocardiogram (ECG) Echocardiography (2D Echo) Chest X-ray Cardiac CT Scan Cardiac MRI Cardiac Catheterization Blood Tests These investigations help determine the type, severity, and most appropriate treatment for the heart condition. Treatment Options for Paediatric Cardiac Care Treatment depends on the child’s diagnosis, age, symptoms, and overall health. Medication Some heart conditions can be managed with medications to improve heart function, control blood pressure, or reduce symptoms. Interventional Procedures Certain congenital heart defects can be treated using catheter-based procedures that avoid open-heart surgery in selected cases. Paediatric Heart Surgery When surgery is required, Dr. Ved Prakash carefully evaluates each patient and develops a personalized surgical plan. Surgical treatment aims to repair congenital heart defects, improve blood circulation, restore normal heart function, and reduce the risk of future complications. Paediatric Cardiac Surgery Paediatric cardiac surgery is performed to correct structural heart defects that cannot be managed with medication or catheter-based interventions alone. Common procedures include: ASD Closure VSD Closure PDA Ligation Tetralogy of Fallot Repair Valve Repair or Replacement Complex Congenital Heart Surgery Each procedure is planned according to the child’s specific condition and performed using evidence-based surgical techniques. Recovery After Paediatric Heart Surgery Recovery varies depending on the child’s age, overall health, and the complexity of the surgery. Hospital Recovery Following surgery, children are closely monitored in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) before being transferred to a regular hospital room. Most patients remain hospitalized for several days while their heart function, breathing, and overall recovery are carefully observed. Recovery at Home After discharge, parents should: Give medications as prescribed Keep the surgical wound clean Encourage healthy nutrition Attend scheduled follow-up visits Limit strenuous activities until advised Monitor for signs of infection or breathing difficulties Most children gradually return to normal daily activities with appropriate medical supervision. Consult Dr. Ved Prakash Regularly Regular follow-up appointments are an essential part of paediatric cardiac care, especially for children with congenital heart disease or those recovering from heart surgery. Routine consultations help monitor heart function, assess recovery, detect potential complications early, and ensure that your child’s treatment plan remains effective as they grow. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (CTVS), provides comprehensive follow-up care tailored to each child’s individual needs. During regular visits, he evaluates your child’s progress, reviews medications, recommends lifestyle and activity guidelines, and advises on any additional tests or treatments if required. Early intervention and ongoing monitoring can significantly improve long-term heart health and overall quality of life. If your child has been diagnosed with a heart condition or has undergone cardiac surgery, schedule regular consultations with Dr. Ved Prakash to ensure continuous expert care and the best possible outcomes. Early diagnosis, timely treatment, and consistent follow-up are key to supporting your child’s healthy future. Frequently Asked Questions What is paediatric cardiac care? Paediatric cardiac care focuses on diagnosing and treating heart diseases in infants, children, and adolescents through medical management, interventional procedures, and surgery. What causes congenital heart defects? The exact cause is often unknown, but genetics, chromosomal abnormalities, maternal illnesses, certain medications, and environmental factors may contribute. When is heart surgery needed in children? Heart surgery may be recommended when congenital heart defects affect blood flow, heart function, or overall growth and development. Can children live normal lives after heart surgery? Many children recover well after successful treatment and can enjoy healthy, active lives with regular follow-up and ongoing cardiac care. Conclusion Paediatric Cardiac Care plays a vital role in diagnosing and treating heart conditions in children at an early stage. With timely evaluation, advanced surgical techniques, and comprehensive follow-up care, many children can achieve improved heart function and enjoy a healthy future. Dr. Ved Prakash is committed to providing compassionate, evidence-based cardiac care, ensuring that every child receives personalized treatment tailored to their unique needs.

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Dr. Ved Prakash – Trusted Cardiac Surgeon in Delhi NCR for Advanced Heart Care

Anchal Negi / July 18, 2026

Heart disease requires timely diagnosis, expert treatment, and the guidance of an experienced cardiac surgeon. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS (Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery) at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, is recognized for delivering advanced cardiac surgical care with precision, compassion, and a patient-first approach. With 8+ years of experience in cardiac surgery, he has earned the trust of patients across Delhi NCR by providing comprehensive treatment for a wide range of heart and vascular conditions. Committed to excellence, Dr. Ved Prakash combines modern surgical techniques with personalized treatment plans to help patients achieve the best possible outcomes while prioritizing safety and long-term heart health. About Dr. Ved Prakash Dr. Ved Prakash serves as the Director of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (CTVS) at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals. He specializes in diagnosing and surgically treating complex cardiovascular diseases using evidence-based practices and advanced surgical technology. His patient-centric approach focuses on understanding each individual’s condition, explaining treatment options in detail, and delivering high-quality surgical care with compassion and professionalism. Expertise in Advanced Cardiac Surgery Dr. Ved Prakash provides surgical treatment for a variety of heart and vascular conditions, including: Coronary Artery Disease (Blocked Heart Arteries) Heart Valve Disorders Congenital Heart Defects Aortic Aneurysms Structural Heart Diseases Heart Failure Requiring Surgery Vascular Disorders Complex Cardiovascular Conditions Every treatment plan is tailored to the patient’s age, overall health, medical history, and specific cardiac condition. Cardiac Procedures Performed Dr. Ved Prakash performs several advanced cardiac surgical procedures, including: Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) CABG surgery restores healthy blood flow to the heart by bypassing blocked coronary arteries, reducing symptoms such as chest pain and lowering the risk of heart attacks. Heart Valve Repair and Replacement Valve surgery helps restore normal blood circulation by repairing damaged valves or replacing them with artificial or biological valves when necessary. Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery Whenever appropriate, minimally invasive surgical techniques are used to reduce pain, minimize scarring, shorten hospital stays, and support faster recovery. Congenital Heart Surgery Dr. Ved Prakash also provides surgical treatment for congenital heart defects, helping children and adults improve heart function and overall quality of life. Aortic Surgery He manages complex aortic conditions, including aneurysms and other disorders affecting the body’s main artery. Why Choose Dr. Ved Prakash? Patients from across Delhi NCR choose Dr. Ved Prakash because of his dedication to delivering exceptional cardiac care. Some of the reasons include: 8+ years of experience in cardiac surgery Director of CTVS at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals Expertise in complex heart and vascular surgeries Advanced surgical techniques Patient-first approach Personalized treatment plans Focus on patient safety Compassionate pre- and post-operative care Comprehensive follow-up support His goal is to help every patient achieve better heart health through accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and continuous care. Comprehensive Heart Care Successful cardiac treatment extends beyond surgery. Dr. Ved Prakash believes in comprehensive heart care that includes: Detailed cardiac evaluation Accurate diagnosis Individualized treatment planning Advanced surgical intervention Intensive post-operative monitoring Cardiac rehabilitation guidance Lifestyle modification counseling Long-term follow-up care This holistic approach supports better recovery and improved long-term cardiovascular health. Recovery After Heart Surgery Recovery depends on the patient’s condition and the complexity of the surgery. Under Dr. Ved Prakash’s care, patients receive detailed recovery guidance, including: Medication management Regular follow-up consultations Gradual return to physical activity Heart-healthy nutrition advice Cardiac rehabilitation when appropriate Lifestyle modifications to reduce future cardiovascular risk Following these recommendations can contribute to a smoother recovery and better long-term outcomes. Tips for Maintaining a Healthy Heart Preventive care is an essential part of maintaining cardiovascular health. Dr. Ved Prakash encourages patients to: Eat a balanced, heart-friendly diet. Exercise regularly as advised by a healthcare professional. Maintain a healthy body weight. Avoid smoking and tobacco use. Control blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes. Manage stress effectively. Attend regular cardiac check-ups. Take prescribed medications consistently. Healthy lifestyle choices can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease and improve overall well-being. Frequently Asked Questions When should I consult a cardiac surgeon? You should consult a cardiac surgeon if your cardiologist recommends surgery for blocked arteries, heart valve disease, congenital heart defects, or other structural heart conditions. Does Dr. Ved Prakash perform minimally invasive heart surgery? Depending on the patient’s condition, minimally invasive cardiac surgery may be recommended when it is clinically appropriate. What conditions does Dr. Ved Prakash treat? He treats coronary artery disease, heart valve disorders, congenital heart defects, aortic diseases, vascular conditions, and other complex cardiovascular disorders. How long is the recovery after heart surgery? Recovery varies based on the procedure and the patient’s overall health. Many patients gradually resume normal activities within several weeks, while full recovery may take longer. Why choose Dr. Ved Prakash? Patients trust Dr. Ved Prakash for his experience, advanced surgical expertise, patient-centered care, and commitment to delivering safe and effective treatment. Conclusion Choosing the right cardiac surgeon is an important decision for anyone facing heart surgery. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, is dedicated to providing advanced cardiac care with precision, compassion, and a strong focus on patient safety. With 8+ years of experience and expertise in treating complex heart and vascular conditions, he offers personalized treatment plans designed to achieve the best possible outcomes. Whether you require bypass surgery, valve repair, or treatment for another cardiovascular condition, Dr. Ved Prakash is committed to supporting you at every stage of your heart care journey.

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Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (CABG): Procedure, Benefits, Risks & Recovery

Anchal Negi / July 16, 2026

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG), commonly known as Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery, is one of the most effective surgical treatments for patients with severe coronary artery disease (CAD). When the arteries supplying oxygen-rich blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked, the heart muscle may not receive adequate blood flow, leading to chest pain, shortness of breath, or even a heart attack. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (CTVS), provides comprehensive evaluation and advanced surgical care for patients with complex coronary artery disease. His focus is on delivering evidence-based treatment, personalized care, and supporting patients throughout every stage of their recovery. What Is Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (CABG)? CABG is a surgical procedure that restores blood flow to the heart by creating a new route around blocked or narrowed coronary arteries. During the operation, a healthy blood vessel is taken from another part of the body, such as the chest, leg, or arm, and used to bypass the blocked artery. The goal of CABG is to improve blood circulation to the heart muscle, relieve symptoms, reduce the risk of heart attack, and improve overall quality of life. When Is CABG Recommended? Dr. Ved Prakash may recommend CABG after a detailed evaluation if a patient has: Severe coronary artery disease affecting one or more arteries Significant blockage of the left main coronary artery Multiple blocked coronary arteries Persistent chest pain (angina) despite medication Failed angioplasty or recurrent blockage after stenting Diabetes with complex coronary artery disease Reduced heart function due to poor blood supply Every treatment plan is individualized based on the patient’s condition, diagnostic findings, and overall health. Symptoms That May Indicate Coronary Artery Disease Patients experiencing the following symptoms should seek medical evaluation promptly: Chest pain or pressure Shortness of breath Fatigue during physical activity Pain radiating to the arm, neck, shoulder, or jaw Irregular heartbeat Dizziness or fainting Heart attack symptoms Early diagnosis can significantly improve treatment outcomes. How Is CABG Surgery Performed? Coronary artery bypass surgery is performed under general anesthesia by an experienced cardiac surgery team. 1. Preoperative Evaluation Patients undergo a thorough assessment that may include blood tests, ECG, echocardiography, coronary angiography, and other investigations to determine the most appropriate treatment plan. 2. Harvesting the Graft A healthy blood vessel is carefully taken from the chest, arm, or leg to serve as the bypass graft. 3. Creating the Bypass The surgeon connects the graft above and below the blocked artery, allowing blood to flow around the blockage and restore circulation to the heart muscle. 4. Completion of Surgery After ensuring proper blood flow through the grafts, the surgical incision is closed, and the patient is transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) for close monitoring. Benefits of CABG Surgery Coronary artery bypass surgery offers several long-term benefits, including: Improved blood flow to the heart Relief from chest pain (angina) Reduced risk of future heart attacks Better exercise tolerance Improved heart function Enhanced quality of life Increased ability to perform daily activities Better long-term outcomes for appropriately selected patients Risks of CABG Surgery As with any major surgery, CABG carries potential risks. These may include: Bleeding Infection Stroke Irregular heartbeat Blood clots Kidney complications Breathing difficulties Wound healing issues Dr. Ved Prakash carefully evaluates each patient’s medical condition and discusses the potential benefits and risks before recommending surgery. Recovery After CABG Surgery Recovery after Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (CABG) is a gradual process that continues even after you leave the hospital. While every patient’s recovery journey is different, following your cardiac surgeon’s advice and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are essential for achieving the best outcomes. Hospital Stay After surgery, patients are usually transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for close monitoring. Most patients remain in the ICU for 1–2 days, where healthcare professionals continuously monitor heart function, blood pressure, breathing, and overall recovery. Once the patient’s condition is stable, they are moved to a regular hospital room for an additional 3–5 days before discharge. Recovery at Home Patients are encouraged to: Walk regularly as advised Take medications exactly as prescribed Follow a heart-healthy diet Avoid smoking and tobacco products Attend follow-up appointments Participate in a cardiac rehabilitation program if recommended Most patients return to many normal activities within 6 to 12 weeks, depending on their overall health and the nature of their surgery. Why Choose Dr. Ved Prakash for CABG? Choosing an experienced cardiac surgeon is an important step in achieving the best possible outcome. Patients choose Dr. Ved Prakash because of his: Expertise in cardiothoracic and vascular surgery Patient-centered treatment approach Comprehensive preoperative evaluation Evidence-based surgical planning Focus on patient safety Personalized postoperative care and follow-up His goal is to help patients receive the right treatment at the right time while supporting them throughout their recovery. Frequently Asked Questions Is CABG better than angioplasty? The most appropriate treatment depends on the number and location of blocked arteries, overall heart function, and other medical conditions. A cardiologist and cardiac surgeon will recommend the best option based on an individual assessment. How long does CABG surgery take? The procedure generally takes between 3 and 6 hours, depending on the complexity of the surgery. How long is the recovery period? Most patients recover within 6–12 weeks, although recovery time varies from person to person. Can I live a normal life after CABG? Many patients return to an active lifestyle after recovery by following their doctor’s advice, taking prescribed medications, eating a heart-healthy diet, exercising regularly, and attending follow-up appointments. Book a Consultation with Dr. Ved Prakash If you have been diagnosed with coronary artery disease or have been advised to undergo bypass surgery, consulting an experienced cardiac surgeon is an important step. Dr. Ved Prakash provides comprehensive evaluations, personalized treatment plans, and compassionate care to help patients make informed decisions about their heart health. Schedule a consultation to discuss your symptoms, understand your treatment options, and receive expert guidance on whether Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (CABG) is appropriate for your condition. Conclusion Coronary

Vascular Surgery

DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis) — Warning Signs, Risk Factors and Treatment

Anchal Negi / March 10, 2026

DVT — deep vein thrombosis — is a blood clot in the deep veins of the leg, and its symptoms are dangerously easy to ignore or mistake for a muscle problem. What makes DVT particularly serious is not the clot in the leg itself — it is what happens when a fragment breaks off and travels to the lungs. That is a pulmonary embolism, and it can be fatal within minutes. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS and Vascular Surgery at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida, explains DVT deep vein thrombosis symptoms, who is most at risk, and what treatment involves. What Is DVT — Deep Vein Thrombosis? Deep veins are the major vessels that carry blood from the legs back to the heart. When a clot forms in one of these deep veins — most commonly in the calf, thigh, or pelvis — blood cannot drain normally from the affected leg. The result is the swelling, pain, and warmth that characterise DVT deep vein thrombosis symptoms. And because the deep veins are connected directly to the pulmonary circulation, a piece of the clot can detach and reach the lungs at any time. DVT Deep Vein Thrombosis Symptoms — What to Look For Unilateral (One-Sided) Leg Swelling DVT almost always affects one leg. Swelling of both legs together is rarely caused by DVT — it more commonly indicates heart failure or low albumin. If one calf or thigh is noticeably larger than the other and this developed over hours or a few days, DVT must be ruled out urgently. Calf Pain and Tenderness Aching or tenderness in the calf — often mistaken for a muscle strain or cramp. The pain is typically worse when walking and when the foot is flexed upward (Homan’s sign — though this is not reliable as a standalone test). Many patients describe it as a persistent heaviness or soreness that does not improve with rest the way a muscle injury would. Warmth and Redness The skin over the clotted vein may feel warm to the touch and appear reddish or purplish — caused by the inflammatory response to the clot. This can look similar to cellulitis, which is a skin infection. DVT and cellulitis require completely different treatments, so a duplex ultrasound — not antibiotics alone — is always needed when the diagnosis is uncertain. Distended Surface Veins When the deep vein is blocked, blood reroutes through the surface veins — which then become visibly distended. This is different from pre-existing varicose veins and appears more suddenly. If you have sudden breathlessness, sharp chest pain, or are coughing blood — go to a hospital emergency immediately. These are pulmonary embolism symptoms and require urgent treatment. Who Is at Risk of DVT? Recent surgery — particularly orthopaedic surgery (hip or knee replacement), abdominal or pelvic surgery. Post-surgical DVT prevention with anticoagulants is standard practice in all major hospitals. Prolonged immobility — long-haul flights over 4 hours, extended bed rest, or a limb in plaster cast. Economy class travel over 8 hours increases DVT risk 2–3 fold. Cancer — many cancers activate the clotting system. DVT is sometimes the first sign of an undetected malignancy. Pregnancy and postpartum period — DVT risk is 5–10 times higher in pregnant women, particularly in the third trimester and the 6 weeks after delivery. Oral contraceptive pills or hormone replacement therapy — oestrogen increases clotting factor levels, particularly when combined with smoking. Inherited clotting disorders — Factor V Leiden, Protein C or S deficiency, antiphospholipid syndrome. Recurrent DVT without an obvious trigger should prompt testing for these. Post-COVID — COVID-19 infection causes a significant pro-thrombotic state. DVT incidence is elevated in patients recovering from COVID-19, particularly those who were hospitalised. Obesity and varicose veins — both impair venous return from the legs and increase background DVT risk. How Is DVT Diagnosed? Duplex Ultrasound The primary test. Non-invasive, painless, and highly accurate. Shows the clot location, how far it extends, and whether it is freely floating (mobile clots carry a higher embolism risk). This is the test that confirms or rules out DVT — not clinical examination alone. D-Dimer Blood Test A negative D-dimer in a low-probability patient effectively rules out DVT without needing an ultrasound. A positive D-dimer is not diagnostic on its own — it only means something is causing clotting activity (which could be DVT, infection, pregnancy, or many other conditions). Duplex ultrasound confirms. Wells Score A clinical scoring system that estimates DVT probability before imaging, based on symptoms, risk factors, and whether an alternative diagnosis is more likely. A high Wells score plus a positive D-dimer means DVT until proven otherwise by ultrasound. DVT Treatment Anticoagulation: The cornerstone of treatment. Blood thinners prevent the clot from growing and allow the body to dissolve it gradually. Modern DOACs — rivaroxaban or apixaban — are used in most cases and do not require regular INR blood monitoring, unlike warfarin. Duration is 3 months for provoked DVT (surgery, flight), 6 months or longer for cancer-related DVT or unprovoked recurrent episodes. Compression stockings: Reduce leg swelling and significantly lower the risk of post-thrombotic syndrome — the long-term venous damage that can follow an unresolved DVT clot. Catheter-directed thrombolysis: Reserved for large, limb-threatening DVTs causing severe swelling and circulatory compromise — a catheter delivers clot-dissolving drugs directly into the thrombosed vessel. IVC filter: A filter placed in the inferior vena cava to catch clots before they reach the lungs — used when anticoagulation is contraindicated (recent surgery, active bleeding). For patients with varicose veins and DVT — both conditions affecting the venous system — Dr. Ved Prakash treats both simultaneously at Yatharth Hospital to address the root cause of recurrent venous disease. Frequently Asked Questions — DVT Deep Vein Thrombosis Symptoms What are the classic DVT deep vein thrombosis symptoms? Unilateral leg swelling, calf pain and tenderness (worse on foot flexion), warmth and redness over the affected calf, and distended surface veins. More than 50% of DVTs are symptomless — which

Cost & Insurance

CGHS Coverage for Heart Surgery — What Central Government Employees Must Know

Anchal Negi / March 8, 2026

CGHS Coverage for Heart Surgery — CGHS, the Central Government Health Scheme, covers heart surgery for eligible central government employees, pensioners, and their dependants, but the coverage process has specific requirements that many patients only discover after treatment has begun. Understanding how CGHS works for cardiac procedures before your surgery date prevents delays, unexpected bills, and disputes with the CGHS office. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida, explains what CGHS covers, how pre-authorisation works, and what patients need to know before bypass or valve surgery. Who Is Eligible for CGHS Coverage for Heart Surgery? Central government employees in service (Group A, B, C, D) Central government pensioners and their spouses Dependent family members — defined as spouse, unmarried daughters, sons below 25 years, and parents residing with the beneficiary Members of Parliament, judges of Supreme Court and High Courts, and certain other constitutional bodies Freedom fighters covered under certain CGHS categories CGHS beneficiaries must hold a valid CGHS card to access treatment at empanelled hospitals. What Heart Procedures CGHS Covers Procedure CGHS Coverage Important Note Coronary Angiography Yes — covered at CGHS rates Referral letter from CGHS MO or specialist required Bypass Surgery (CABG) Yes — covered at CGHS package rates Pre-authorisation required for elective surgery Heart Valve Replacement (Mechanical) Yes — surgery + valve implant covered Valve brand may be specified — clarify before surgery Heart Valve Replacement (Biological) Partially — CGHS rate may not cover full biological valve cost Difference may be payable by patient TAVI Partially — CGHS rate is significantly below actual valve device cost Patient typically pays the valve cost difference Pacemaker Implantation Yes — at CGHS device rates Specific device models covered — ask hospital Paediatric Heart Surgery (ASD, VSD, TOF) Yes — covered for eligible dependent children Pre-authorisation and specialist referral required Varicose Vein EVLT Laser Yes — when symptomatic and medically indicated Cosmetic treatment not covered How CGHS Pre-Authorisation Works for Heart Surgery For any planned (elective) cardiac procedure, CGHS pre-authorisation must be obtained before admission. Without it, reimbursement claims can be delayed or partially rejected. Step 1 — Referral from CGHS Medical Officer A CGHS beneficiary first sees a CGHS Medical Officer (MO) at a CGHS Wellness Centre who issues a referral to a specialist — cardiologist or cardiac surgeon — at an empanelled hospital. Alternatively, in cities where cardiology specialists are available at CGHS polyclinics, referral may come from there. Step 2 — Specialist Recommendation Letter The cardiac surgeon at the empanelled hospital — in this case Dr. Ved Prakash — provides a formal recommendation letter stating the diagnosis, the procedure recommended, its urgency, and the estimated cost at CGHS package rates. Step 3 — Pre-Authorisation Application The patient or the hospital’s CGHS facilitation desk submits the pre-authorisation request to the Additional Director, CGHS, of the relevant city zone. Required documents: CGHS card copy, referral letter, specialist recommendation, angiogram or echocardiogram report, and the hospital’s CGHS empanelment proof. Step 4 — Approval and Admission Once pre-authorisation is received — typically within 3–7 working days for non-emergency cases — the patient is admitted for surgery. The hospital bills CGHS directly for covered procedures at the approved package rates. Emergency Surgery For emergency cardiac surgery — Type A aortic dissection, acute heart attack requiring urgent bypass, critical valve failure — treatment proceeds first. CGHS reimbursement is claimed retrospectively within 3 months of discharge. Emergency cases should have the CGHS card presented at admission regardless. What CGHS Package Rates Mean in Practice CGHS pays hospitals at fixed package rates that are periodically revised. These rates are often lower than a hospital’s standard market rates. What this means for patients: For bypass surgery — most empanelled hospitals accept CGHS rates and charge no balance billing for the standard procedure in a shared or semi-private room. For biological valve replacement — the CGHS rate for the valve implant may cover a basic tissue valve but not a premium bioprosthetic valve. The difference between the CGHS rate and the premium valve cost is sometimes payable by the patient. For TAVI — the transcatheter valve device costs significantly more than the CGHS package rate. Most CGHS patients who undergo TAVI pay a device cost difference of ₹3–8 lakhs depending on valve type. For room upgrades — CGHS covers treatment at the standard room category. Upgrading to a private room incurs additional daily room charges payable by the patient. ECHS — For Defence Personnel The Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme (ECHS) works similarly to CGHS for defence personnel. ECHS empanelment is separate from CGHS empanelment — a hospital empanelled under CGHS may or may not be empanelled under ECHS. Confirm ECHS empanelment at +91-9355255106 before booking. If you have a CGHS card and have been recommended bypass surgery or valve surgery, or if you want an independent view of your angiogram before proceeding, a cardiac second opinion can be obtained by sharing your reports via WhatsApp — at no cost for the initial pre-assessment. Frequently Asked Questions — CGHS Heart Surgery Coverage Does CGHS cover bypass surgery? Yes — CABG is covered at CGHS package rates at empanelled hospitals. Pre-authorisation is required for elective surgery. Emergency bypass is treated first and reimbursed retrospectively. Does CGHS cover TAVI surgery? Partially. CGHS covers TAVI as a procedure but at a package rate significantly below the actual transcatheter valve device cost. Most patients pay the valve cost difference — clarify this with the hospital billing team before scheduling. How do I get CGHS pre-authorisation for heart surgery? Get a referral from your CGHS MO, obtain a recommendation letter from the cardiac surgeon at the empanelled hospital, and submit a pre-authorisation request to the Additional Director, CGHS, of your city zone. The hospital’s CGHS desk assists with this process. Is Yatharth Hospital Greater Noida empanelled under CGHS? Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida accepts CGHS and ECHS patients for cardiac surgery. Confirm current empanelment status for your specific procedure by calling +91-9355255106 before booking.

Paediatric Heart Surgery

Tetralogy of Fallot — What Parents Need to Know After a TOF Diagnosis

Anchal Negi / March 6, 2026

What Parents Need to Know After a TOF Diagnosis: Tetralogy of Fallot — TOF — is the most common cyanotic congenital heart defect, and a diagnosis that most parents receive with no preparation and very little information about what comes next. If your baby has just been diagnosed with TOF, this guide explains what it means, what symptoms to watch for at home, what surgery involves, and — critically — what your child’s life looks like after repair. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida, has performed TOF repairs from early infancy across Medanta, Narayana, and Yatharth Hospital. What Is Tetralogy of Fallot? Tetralogy of Fallot is four structural abnormalities that occur together in the same heart. Understanding all four is important because they interact — each one making the others worse: A large VSD (ventricular septal defect) — a large hole between the two lower chambers, allowing blue (deoxygenated) blood to mix with red (oxygenated) blood. Pulmonary stenosis — narrowing of the outflow from the right ventricle to the lungs. This obstruction means less blood reaches the lungs to pick up oxygen, and more blue blood is pushed through the VSD to the body instead. Overriding aorta — the aorta sits directly over the VSD rather than exclusively over the left ventricle, receiving a mix of blue and red blood from both chambers. Right ventricular hypertrophy — the right ventricle thickens because it is pumping against the obstructed pulmonary outflow. This worsens over time if repair is delayed. The net result: the body continuously receives blood that has not been fully oxygenated — causing the characteristic blue discolouration (cyanosis) of Tetralogy of Fallot. Tetralogy of Fallot Symptoms — What Parents See Cyanosis — The Blue Baby Appearance Blue or purple discolouration of the lips, tongue, fingernails, and toenails. In some babies with TOF, cyanosis is obvious at birth. In others — particularly where the pulmonary stenosis is mild — cyanosis develops gradually in the first weeks of life as the ductus arteriosus (a foetal blood vessel that keeps oxygen supply adequate in the womb) closes after birth. A baby who was pink at birth and becomes increasingly blue in the first month needs urgent cardiac assessment. Tet Spells — The Most Frightening Symptom A tet spell is a hypercyanotic episode — a sudden, dramatic worsening of cyanosis triggered by anything that decreases pulmonary blood flow: crying, feeding, defecation, waking from sleep, or even nothing obvious. During a tet spell the baby turns intensely blue, becomes extremely distressed and inconsolable, breathes very fast, and may go limp or briefly lose consciousness from cerebral hypoxia. Tet spells are caused by spasm of the right ventricular outflow tract — the already-narrowed channel from the right ventricle to the lungs temporarily clamps shut, redirecting almost all right-sided output through the VSD to the body. Almost no blood reaches the lungs. Oxygen saturation plummets. If your baby has a tet spell: pull the knees firmly up to the chest (squatting position for an infant), keep the baby calm, and call emergency services immediately. Tet spells require hospital assessment and accelerate the need for surgery. Do not wait to see if it settles. Squatting in Older Unrepaired Children Older children with unrepaired or partially palliated TOF instinctively squat after physical activity. Squatting compresses the femoral arteries — increasing systemic vascular resistance and reducing the right-to-left shunt through the VSD — temporarily pushing more blood to the lungs and relieving cyanosis. It is one of the most specific clinical signs in all of paediatric cardiology. Other Signs Poor growth and weight gain — the body cannot support normal growth when oxygen delivery is chronically reduced Exercise intolerance in older unrepaired children — breathlessness and cyanosis with minimal exertion Clubbing of fingers and toes — develops after months of chronic cyanosis How Tetralogy of Fallot Is Diagnosed Foetal echocardiogram: TOF is detectable at the 18–20 week anomaly scan in many cases — allowing planned delivery at a centre with paediatric cardiac surgery capability. Neonatal echocardiogram: Confirms the anatomy — size of the VSD, degree of pulmonary stenosis, position of the aorta, and right ventricular size. Pulse oximetry screening: Low oxygen saturation detected on routine newborn screening triggers further investigation. CT cardiac angiography: Used before surgery when the pulmonary artery anatomy needs detailed 3D mapping — particularly important for the branch pulmonary arteries which can be hypoplastic in severe TOF. Tetralogy of Fallot Surgery — What Is Done Complete surgical repair of TOF is performed under general anaesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass. The operation addresses all the abnormalities simultaneously: VSD closure: The hole between the ventricles is closed with a patch — stopping the mixing of blue and red blood completely. Relief of pulmonary stenosis: The narrowed right ventricular outflow tract is widened by resecting obstructing muscle bundles, and often by placing a patch across the outflow tract or pulmonary valve to enlarge it. If the pulmonary valve itself is severely abnormal it may be removed — leaving the outflow tract open (transannular patch). This effectively relieves obstruction but results in pulmonary regurgitation. Result: Blue blood now goes through the pulmonary artery to the lungs normally. Oxygenated blood returns and goes through the aorta to the body. Cyanosis resolves. Surgery is typically performed between 3 and 6 months of age. If tet spells are occurring before this age, surgery is brought forward without delay. Results at experienced centres: operative mortality below 2–3%, complete repair achieved in virtually all cases. Life After TOF Surgery — The Honest Picture This is what parents most need to understand — and what most articles do not explain. The good news: The vast majority of children repaired in infancy grow up completely normally. They attend mainstream school, participate in sport, develop normally in every way. Most go on to live independent adult lives — working, driving, having children of their own. What requires lifelong monitoring: Annual echocardiogram — monitoring right ventricular size and function over time Pulmonary

Aortic Surgery

What Is an Aortic Aneurysm? Silent, Dangerous — and Treatable

Anchal Negi / March 5, 2026

An aortic aneurysm is a ballooning in the wall of the aorta — the body’s main artery — and the most dangerous thing about it is that it causes no symptoms until it is on the verge of rupturing. Rupture of an aortic aneurysm is one of the most lethal events in medicine, with mortality exceeding 80% even with emergency surgery. The goal — always — is to find it and treat it before that moment. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida, explains what causes an aortic aneurysm, when it needs surgery, and what the surgical options are. What Is an Aortic Aneurysm? The aorta is the largest artery in the body — rising from the heart, arching through the chest, and running down through the abdomen to supply the entire lower body. The normal aortic diameter is approximately 2.0–3.0 cm. An aortic aneurysm is an abnormal widening of the aorta to more than 1.5 times its normal diameter — defined as greater than 3.0 cm in the abdominal aorta or greater than 4.5 cm in the thoracic aorta. As an aortic aneurysm enlarges, the aortic wall becomes progressively thinner and weaker. At a critical size, the wall can rupture — and the outcome is catastrophic. Types of Aortic Aneurysm Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) The most common type — a ballooning in the portion of the aorta that runs through the abdomen. AAAs occur primarily in men over 65 with a history of smoking, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. They are almost always discovered incidentally on an ultrasound or CT scan ordered for something else entirely — because they rarely cause symptoms. Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA) Aortic aneurysm in the chest — affecting the ascending aorta (rising from the heart), the arch, or the descending aorta. TAAs are more commonly associated with genetic conditions including Marfan syndrome and bicuspid aortic valve, and can affect patients at younger ages than AAAs. What Causes an Aortic Aneurysm? Atherosclerosis — the primary cause of AAA. Years of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking progressively weaken the aortic wall. Hypertension — the most important modifiable risk factor. Controlling blood pressure directly slows aneurysm growth. Smoking — doubles aortic aneurysm risk and accelerates growth rate significantly. The single most effective prevention is smoking cessation. Marfan syndrome and related connective tissue disorders — inherently weak aortic wall tissue; aneurysms can develop at younger ages and at smaller sizes than in the general population. Bicuspid aortic valve — associated with progressive ascending aortic enlargement; regular echocardiographic surveillance of the aortic diameter is essential. Family history — first-degree relatives of AAA patients have a 10–15% lifetime risk; screening ultrasound is recommended. Aortic Aneurysm Symptoms — Why It Is Called a Silent Killer The vast majority of aortic aneurysms produce no symptoms until they are large or rupturing. When symptoms do occur: Deep, constant back or abdominal pain — often mistaken for musculoskeletal pain. In the context of a known aortic aneurysm, this is a warning sign of rapid expansion or contained leak — requiring emergency assessment. Pulsating abdominal mass — a pulsating sensation in the centre of the abdomen, felt by the patient or detected on physical examination. Most clearly felt in thin patients. Hoarseness or difficulty swallowing — from a thoracic aneurysm pressing on the recurrent laryngeal nerve or oesophagus. Sudden, severe tearing abdominal or back pain with collapse is rupture until proven otherwise — call emergency services immediately. This is different from the presentation of aortic dissection, which classically causes chest pain — though both are surgical emergencies. When Does an Aortic Aneurysm Need Surgery? The decision is based primarily on size — larger aneurysms have exponentially higher annual rupture risk: AAA Diameter Annual Rupture Risk Recommendation 3.0–4.4 cm <0.5% Ultrasound surveillance every 12 months 4.5–5.4 cm 1–5% Surveillance every 6 months + surgical review 5.5 cm and above 10–25% Surgery recommended Growing >1 cm per year (any size) High Surgery recommended regardless of size EVAR vs Open Surgery — What Are the Options? EVAR — Endovascular Aneurysm Repair A stent-graft is delivered through the femoral arteries in the groin and positioned inside the aneurysm, lining it and excluding it from the circulation. No abdominal incision. Hospital stay 2–3 days. Recovery 2–3 weeks. Requires annual CT surveillance to check the stent-graft remains in position and there is no re-pressurisation (endoleak). Suitable for most infrarenal AAAs with appropriate anatomy. Open Surgical Repair The aneurysm is exposed through an abdominal incision, clamped, and replaced with a synthetic Dacron graft. More invasive — hospital stay 7–10 days, recovery 6 weeks — but provides a definitive, lifelong repair that does not require ongoing CT surveillance. Required when anatomy is not suitable for EVAR, or for juxtarenal/suprarenal aneurysms. TEVAR — Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair The endovascular equivalent of EVAR for descending thoracic aortic aneurysms — a stent-graft relined the diseased thoracic aorta through femoral artery access. For patients in Delhi NCR with a newly diagnosed or enlarging aortic aneurysm, aortic surgery in Delhi NCR at Yatharth Hospital covers the full range — EVAR, TEVAR, and open surgical repair. CT reports can be shared via WhatsApp for a pre-assessment before your visit. Frequently Asked Questions — What Is Aortic Aneurysm What is an aortic aneurysm and is it always fatal? An aortic aneurysm is an abnormal ballooning of the aortic wall. It is not immediately fatal — most detected aneurysms are small and slow-growing and can be treated safely with elective surgery before rupture. A ruptured aneurysm carries mortality above 80%. Finding it early is what saves lives. At what size does an aortic aneurysm need surgery? Surgery is generally recommended when an abdominal aortic aneurysm reaches 5.5 cm or when it grows more than 1 cm in 12 months. Below this, surveillance ultrasound every 6–12 months is the standard approach. What is EVAR and how is it different from open surgery? EVAR delivers a stent-graft through the groin without opening the

Uncategorized

What Is TAVI? Aortic Valve Replacement Without Opening the Chest

Anchal Negi / March 3, 2026

Aortic Valve Replacement Without Opening the Chest: TAVI — Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation — is a procedure that replaces a diseased aortic heart valve through a catheter passed through the leg artery, without any chest incision and without stopping the heart. For the millions of elderly patients in India who have been told their aortic valve is severely narrowed but that open surgery is too risky at their age, TAVI is often the answer. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida, explains what TAVI is, how the procedure works, and crucially, how the decision between TAVI and open surgery is made. Why Was TAVI Developed? Aortic stenosis — narrowing of the aortic valve — is the most common serious valve disease in patients over 65. Once symptoms appear, the average untreated survival is 1–3 years. For decades, the only treatment was open surgical valve replacement, which carries significant risk in frail, elderly, or medically complex patients. The TAVI procedure was developed specifically to treat this group — offering a life-saving valve replacement without the trauma of open surgery. First performed in humans in 2002, TAVI has now been performed on over a million patients worldwide with results that equal or exceed open surgery in high-risk groups. What Is Aortic Stenosis — the Condition TAVI Treats? The aortic valve sits between the left ventricle and the aorta, controlling blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body. In aortic stenosis, the valve leaflets thicken, stiffen, and calcify over years — narrowing the valve opening until blood can no longer flow freely. The heart works harder to push blood through the narrowed valve, eventually leading to heart failure. Symptoms include breathlessness on exertion, chest pain, and blackouts (syncope). Once any of these symptoms appear, urgent treatment is needed. What Is TAVI — How the Procedure Works The TAVI procedure delivers a replacement biological tissue valve to the heart entirely through blood vessels — most commonly the femoral artery in the groin. Here is what happens: Transfemoral Access A small puncture is made in the femoral artery in the groin. No chest incision. A guidewire is advanced through the artery, up the aorta, and across the diseased aortic valve under continuous X-ray guidance. Valve Delivery The replacement valve — compressed onto a small expandable frame — is loaded onto a catheter and advanced over the guidewire to the level of the native aortic valve. Precise positioning is confirmed using simultaneous echocardiography and fluoroscopy. Valve Deployment The new valve is expanded — either by balloon inflation or by self-expansion depending on the valve type. It immediately opens and begins functioning, pushing the old calcified leaflets aside. The left ventricle now pumps blood freely through the new valve. Confirmation and Closure Echocardiography and angiography confirm the valve is working correctly and there is no significant leakage. The groin access site is closed with a vascular closure device — no surgical cut-down needed in most cases. Total procedure time: 1–2 hours. How Is the Decision Made — TAVI or Open Surgery? This is the question every patient and family deserves a clear answer to. At Yatharth Hospital, this decision is never made by one doctor alone — it is made by a Heart Team consisting of Dr. Ved Prakash (cardiac surgeon), an interventional cardiologist, and a cardiac anaesthetist, who review the echocardiogram, CT angiography, and clinical status together. Factor Favours TAVI Favours Open Surgery (SAVR) Age Over 75 Under 65–70 Surgical risk score High or intermediate Low Lung function Poor (COPD) Normal Aortic calcification Severe (avoids clamping) Minimal Need for bypass surgery simultaneously No Yes — open surgery required Valve durability need Shorter life expectancy Young patient needing 20+ years What to Expect After TAVI Hospital stay: 3–5 days in most patients — compared to 7–10 days after open surgery Walking: The following day after TAVI in most cases Breathlessness: Most patients notice dramatic improvement within days as the heart begins pumping freely through the new valve Pacemaker risk: Approximately 10–15% of patients require a permanent pacemaker — this is discussed before every procedure Medications: Aspirin lifelong. Clopidogrel for 3–6 months. No warfarin required unless the patient has atrial fibrillation. Follow-up: Echocardiogram at 1 month, 1 year, then annually to monitor valve function TAVI valve lifespan: 10–15 years in most patients. A second TAVI (valve-in-valve) can often be performed if the first valve eventually wears out. For patients in Delhi NCR and surrounding areas, TAVI at Yatharth Hospital is performed by Dr. Ved Prakash with a dedicated Heart Team and full cath lab and hybrid OT capability. For more on heart valve surgery options including both TAVI and open procedures, visit the heart valve surgery page. Key Aspects of TAVI / TAVR (Explained Simply) 1. Procedure TAVI (or TAVR) is a minimally invasive heart procedure.Instead of opening the chest like traditional open-heart surgery, doctors make a small puncture (about 1 cm) usually in the groin artery. A thin tube called a catheter is gently guided through the blood vessels to reach the heart. 2. Valve Replacement A new artificial valve, folded inside the catheter, is delivered to the damaged aortic valve.Once in position, the new valve expands and pushes the old valve aside, immediately allowing blood to flow normally again. 3. Who Needs TAVI? TAVI mainly treats severe aortic stenosis, a condition where the heart valve becomes narrow or stiff and blocks blood flow.It can be suitable for patients who are high-risk, intermediate-risk, or even low-risk for traditional open-heart surgery, depending on medical evaluation. 4. Benefits of TAVI No large chest incision Shorter hospital stay (usually 2–3 days) Less pain and faster recovery Earlier return to normal daily activities 5. Possible Risks Like any medical procedure, TAVI has some risks, although it is safe for most patients: Bleeding or infection Stroke (rare) Heart rhythm problems Small leak around the new valve Frequently Asked Questions — What Is TAVI Procedure What is TAVI and how is it different

Vascular Surgery

Peripheral Artery Disease Symptoms — Why Leg Pain While Walking Is a Warning Sign

Anchal Negi / March 1, 2026

Peripheral artery disease symptoms are one of the most under-recognised warning signs in Indian medicine — and in the diabetic population, which is enormous across UP, Delhi NCR, and the surrounding regions, peripheral artery disease often presents with no warning at all until the disease is critical. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS and Vascular Surgery at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida, explains what peripheral artery disease is, the stages of symptoms from mild to limb-threatening, and when intervention is urgently needed. What Is Peripheral Artery Disease? Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is atherosclerosis — plaque buildup — affecting the arteries that supply blood to the legs. It is the same disease process as coronary artery disease in the heart, occurring in a different location. As the arteries narrow, the leg muscles do not receive enough blood during exercise — and as the disease progresses, not even at rest. PAD affects approximately 200 million people worldwide and is significantly underdiagnosed in India. PAD is not the same as deep vein thrombosis or varicose veins. Those are venous (vein) problems. PAD is an arterial (artery) problem — it is about blood not reaching the leg, not blood failing to drain from it. The distinction matters because the symptoms, investigations, and treatments are completely different. For comparison, read about deep vein thrombosis. Peripheral Artery Disease Symptoms — Stage by Stage Stage 1 — Claudication The hallmark PAD symptom. Cramping, tightness, or aching in the calf, thigh, or buttock that comes on after a predictable walking distance — say, 300 metres — and stops you in your tracks. After 5–10 minutes of standing still, the pain disappears completely. You can then walk again — until the same distance is reached. The location of the pain tells you the level of arterial disease: calf claudication means disease in the superficial femoral artery (mid-thigh level); thigh and buttock claudication means disease in the iliac arteries of the pelvis. Claudication is often written off as arthritis, age-related muscle weakness, or sciatica — none of which share its specific pattern of predictable onset with walking and complete relief with rest. Stage 2 — Worsening Claudication As peripheral artery disease progresses without treatment, the claudication distance shortens. A patient who could walk 500 metres two years ago now manages 100. This reflects worsening arterial narrowing and is the signal that intervention should be considered before the next stage develops. Stage 3 — Rest Pain When peripheral artery disease becomes severe enough, the foot no longer receives adequate blood even lying in bed. The patient experiences burning or aching pain in the foot and toes — classically worse at night, and relieved slightly by hanging the foot over the edge of the bed (gravity assists blood flow). Rest pain is a medical emergency. Without treatment, tissue loss — gangrene — follows within weeks. Stage 4 — Tissue Loss (Ulceration or Gangrene) The most advanced peripheral artery disease symptom. Wounds on the foot or toes that do not heal despite weeks of dressing, or areas of blackened, dry or wet gangrene. In diabetic patients, this is often the first and only presentation of peripheral artery disease — because diabetic neuropathy has eliminated the earlier pain warning signals entirely. Peripheral Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients — The Silent Crisis This is the most important section for a significant proportion of readers across western UP and Delhi NCR, where diabetes rates are among the highest in the country. Diabetic neuropathy — nerve damage from chronic high blood sugar — destroys the pain sensation in the feet and lower legs. A diabetic patient with PAD advanced enough to cause rest pain may feel nothing. A small cut on the foot from a tight shoe may go unnoticed for days. A wound that should heal in a week sits open for months — because the blood supply needed for healing is not arriving. By the time a diabetic patient presents to a vascular surgeon with a non-healing foot wound, they often have severe, critical peripheral artery disease that has been silently progressing for years. Annual ABI (Ankle-Brachial Index) measurement is recommended for all diabetic patients over 50. It takes five minutes, is completely painless, and can detect PAD before any symptoms develop. How Is Peripheral Artery Disease Diagnosed? ABI (Ankle-Brachial Index): Blood pressure cuff at the ankle compared to the arm. A ratio below 0.9 confirms PAD. Below 0.5 indicates critical ischaemia. Fast, painless, available in any vascular clinic. Duplex Doppler ultrasound: Maps the arterial anatomy and identifies narrowings without radiation or dye. CT angiography: Detailed 3D imaging from the aorta to the foot — essential before planning angioplasty or bypass surgery. Conventional angiography: Catheter-based — performed in the interventional suite when treatment is planned immediately. Peripheral Artery Disease Treatment Medical management: Antiplatelet drugs (aspirin or clopidogrel), statin therapy, strict blood pressure and blood sugar control, and smoking cessation. Supervised walking exercise programmes — counterintuitive but effective — can increase the claudication distance by 50–100% in 3 months. Endovascular treatment (angioplasty/stenting): A catheter opens the narrowed artery and a stent holds it open. Minimally invasive, 1–2 day hospital stay, faster recovery. Peripheral bypass surgery: For long or multiple blockages not amenable to angioplasty — a vein or synthetic graft bypasses the blocked arterial segment. More invasive but durable, with recovery of 4–6 weeks. For patients with critical limb ischaemia or a non-healing diabetic foot wound, peripheral vascular disease treatment in Delhi NCR at Yatharth Hospital is available on an urgent basis — WhatsApp your clinical photos and report to +91-9355255106 for a rapid pre-assessment. Frequently Asked Questions — Peripheral Artery Disease Symptoms What is the most common symptom of peripheral artery disease? Claudication — leg cramping that starts after a predictable walking distance and disappears completely with 5–10 minutes of rest. It affects about 50% of PAD patients; the other half are asymptomatic, particularly diabetics. Why are diabetic patients at higher risk? Diabetes doubles PAD risk and eliminates the pain signals (via neuropathy)

Author name: Anchal Negi