Uncategorized

  Heart disease remains the leading cause of death in India — and Ahmedabad is no exception. With increasingly stressful lifestyles, sedentary habits, and rising rates of diabetes and hypertension, the need for expert cardiac care has never been greater. If you are searching for the best cardiologist in Ahmedabad, you deserve a doctor who combines clinical excellence with genuine compassion. Dr. Ved Prakash is a leading heart specialist in Ahmedabad who has dedicated his career to diagnosing, treating, and preventing cardiovascular disease. From routine heart checkups to complex interventional procedures like angioplasty, his practice delivers world-class cardiac care in Ahmedabad that patients and families trust. Whether you live near SG Highway, Maninagar, or the Satellite area — quality heart care is now within your reach. Heart Conditions We Treat As a trusted cardiac doctor in Ahmedabad, Dr. Ved Prakash provides expert care for a wide range of cardiovascular conditions: Coronary artery disease (CAD) — narrowing of heart arteries due to plaque buildup Heart blockage — partial or complete obstruction of blood flow to the heart Chest pain (angina) — discomfort caused by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle High blood pressure (hypertension) — a silent killer that damages the heart over time Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmia) — irregular, too fast, or too slow heartbeat Heart valve disorders — malfunctioning valves affecting blood flow Heart failure management — comprehensive care when the heart can’t pump efficiently Peripheral artery disease — narrowing of arteries in the legs and arms Symptoms You Should Not Ignore Your body often sends warning signals before a major cardiac event. Do not dismiss these symptoms — consult a cardiologist near me immediately if you experience: Chest pain, tightness, or discomfort — especially during exertion Shortness of breath — at rest or with minimal activity Unusual or persistent fatigue that doesn’t improve with rest Dizziness or lightheadedness without an obvious cause Irregular heartbeat — skipping beats, fluttering, or racing Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet Pain radiating to the left arm, neck, or jaw Important: If you experience sudden chest pain with sweating, nausea, or difficulty breathing, seek emergency medical attention immediately. These could be signs of a heart attack. Best Cardiologist in Ahmedabad – Why Patients Trust Us Ahmedabad has rapidly emerged as a hub for advanced cardiac care in western India. With state-of-the-art heart hospitals in Ahmedabad, cutting-edge diagnostic technology, and highly skilled specialists, the city now offers cardiac treatment that rivals the best facilities in Mumbai and Delhi — at more accessible costs. Dr. Ved Prakash’s practice is centrally located and easily accessible from key areas including SG Highway, Satellite, Maninagar, Navrangpura, and Bodakdev. Patients travel from across Gujarat — from Surat, Vadodara, Rajkot, and surrounding districts — because they trust the quality of care they receive here. What sets our practice apart is a genuine commitment to patient well-being. Every patient receives a thorough evaluation, an honest diagnosis, and a treatment plan designed around their individual needs — not a one-size-fits-all approach. Our Cardiology Services Diagnosis & Testing Accurate diagnosis is the foundation of effective heart care. We offer comprehensive cardiac testing using the latest technology: ECG (Electrocardiogram) — records your heart’s electrical activity 2D Echocardiography — ultrasound imaging of heart structure and function TMT (Treadmill Stress Test) — evaluates heart performance during exercise Holter monitoring — 24-48 hour continuous heart rhythm recording Blood tests — lipid profile, cardiac markers (troponin, BNP) Coronary CT angiography — non-invasive imaging of heart arteries Advanced Treatments When medical management alone isn’t enough, our advanced interventional services provide life-saving solutions: Angiography — detailed imaging to identify blockages Angioplasty with stent placement — restoring blood flow through blocked arteries Heart bypass surgery consultation — expert referral and pre/post-surgical care Pacemaker implantation guidance — for patients with dangerous heart rhythm disorders Preventive cardiology programs — structured plans to reduce your future cardiac risk Our Approach to Heart Care We believe that exceptional cardiac care goes beyond just treating disease. Our patient-centered approach ensures that every individual receives: A patient-first consultation where your concerns are heard thoroughly Accurate diagnosis using the latest cardiac imaging and testing technology A personalized treatment plan tailored to your condition and lifestyle Practical lifestyle and diet guidance for long-term heart health Structured long-term follow-up care to track your progress How We Help Patients From the first consultation to ongoing recovery support, we are with you at every step of your cardiac journey: Early detection — identifying heart disease before it becomes life-threatening Affordable treatment planning — world-class care that respects your budget Surgery guidance — honest, transparent advice when surgery is necessary Continuous monitoring — regular follow-ups and health tracking Second opinions — unbiased expert evaluation for complex cardiac cases What We Offer Experienced cardiologist with a proven track record of successful outcomes Modern diagnostic facilities equipped with the latest cardiac technology Emergency heart care support for urgent and critical situations Complete cardiac care under one roof — from diagnosis to treatment to follow-up Multilingual support (Gujarati, Hindi, English) for patient comfort Why Choose Dr. Ved Prakash? When it comes to your heart, you deserve a doctor who combines skill with integrity. Here’s why Dr. Ved Prakash is recognized as one of the best cardiologists in Ahmedabad: Years of hands-on experience in interventional and preventive cardiac care High success rate in angioplasty, stenting, and other heart procedures Trusted by thousands of patients across Ahmedabad and Gujarat Transparent and ethical treatment — no unnecessary tests or procedures Patient-focused and compassionate approach to every consultation Actively involved in cardiac research, education, and community health programs Your heart deserves the best care. Schedule your consultation with Dr. Ved Prakash today. Book Your Appointment Now When Should You Visit a Cardiologist? Many people delay seeing a cardiologist until they experience a serious event. Don’t wait for a crisis. You should schedule a heart checkup in Ahmedabad if any of the following apply: Family history — a parent or sibling diagnosed with heart disease before age 55

Most of us sweat during exercise or in hot weather, and that is perfectly normal. But if you are suddenly sweating without any physical exertion or heat, your body may be sending you an important signal. Unexplained sweating, especially when it comes with chest discomfort, dizziness, or breathlessness, can be one of the early heart attack warning signs. This article helps you understand why this happens, what it means, and when you should see a heart specialist. Understanding the Condition Sudden sweating without a clear reason is medically known as diaphoresis. When the heart is under stress or when blood flow is reduced to the heart muscle, the body activates its emergency response system. This response can cause cold sweats, clamminess, and a feeling of unease, even when the person is resting. This type of sweating is different from normal sweating. It usually feels cold and sticky. Many patients in Delhi NCR and across India report noticing this symptom before or during a cardiac event, yet they confuse it with anxiety, heat, or indigestion. That confusion can cost valuable time. According to the American Heart Association, sudden cold sweats are among the recognised warning signs of a heart attack, particularly in women, who may not always experience the classic severe chest pain. What Causes This Problem? Reduced blood supply to the heart muscle due to blocked coronary arteries Activation of the sympathetic nervous system during cardiac stress Drop in blood pressure caused by a weakened heart Heart arrhythmias that disrupt normal heart rhythm Anxiety and panic disorders that may mimic cardiac symptoms Hormonal changes, though these rarely cause sudden cold sweats alone Early Warning Signs You Should Never Ignore Cold or clammy sweat that starts suddenly without exertion Sweating accompanied by mild or moderate chest discomfort Sweating along with breathlessness, even at rest Nausea combined with sweating and jaw or arm pain Feeling of extreme fatigue without any reason alongside sweating Dizziness or lightheadedness along with cold sweats Common Symptoms Cold, clammy skin without physical exertion Chest tightness or pressure felt alongside sweating Rapid or irregular heartbeat Shortness of breath even while sitting or lying down Feeling of impending doom or extreme anxiety Pain or discomfort spreading to the left arm, neck, or jaw Risk Factors High blood pressure Diabetes Smoking High cholesterol Family history of heart disease Stress and poor lifestyle When Should You See a Cardiac Surgeon? If you experience sudden sweating that is cold and clammy, especially when it is accompanied by chest discomfort, breathlessness, nausea, or arm pain, do not delay. This combination of symptoms warrants immediate medical attention. Even if the sweating happens in isolation but occurs repeatedly, it is wise to consult a heart specialist. Dr Ved Prakash, an experienced Cardiac and Vascular Surgeon in Delhi NCR, advises that any unexplained physical symptom involving the chest, heart rate, or sweating should be evaluated promptly. Early evaluation can prevent serious complications. How Is It Diagnosed? Tests Your Doctor May Recommend ECG (Electrocardiogram) to check for abnormal heart rhythm or signs of reduced blood flow ECHO (Echocardiogram) to assess heart function and wall motion TMT (Treadmill Test) to evaluate the heart’s response to physical stress CT Coronary Angiography for a non-invasive look at the coronary arteries Coronary Angiography for a detailed map of the blood vessels supplying the heart Blood tests including troponin levels to detect any heart muscle damage Treatment Options Medical Management Depending on the underlying cause, medicines such as blood thinners, beta-blockers, or cholesterol-lowering drugs may be prescribed to reduce the risk of a heart event and improve cardiac function. Angioplasty If tests reveal a blocked coronary artery, angioplasty may be recommended. This is a minimally invasive procedure where a small balloon is used to open the blockage, and a stent is placed to keep the artery open. Bypass Surgery In cases of multiple or severe blockages, coronary artery bypass surgery may be advised. Dr Ved Prakash, as a Cardiac Surgeon in Delhi NCR, evaluates each case individually to recommend the most appropriate intervention. Lifestyle Management Making changes such as quitting smoking, reducing salt and oil intake, managing blood sugar and blood pressure, and incorporating regular moderate exercise can significantly reduce cardiac risk. Can It Be Prevented? Regular heart check-ups, especially if you are above 40 or have risk factors Healthy diet low in saturated fat, salt, and sugar Daily walking or moderate exercise for at least 30 minutes Control of blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol levels Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption Lifestyle Changes for Better Heart Health Foods That Support Heart Health Fruits and vegetables rich in fibre and antioxidants Whole grains such as oats, brown rice, and whole wheat Nuts and seeds in moderate amounts Low-oil home-cooked food prepared with heart-healthy oils Daily Habits That Protect Your Heart Walk daily for at least 30 minutes at a comfortable pace Sleep for 7 to 8 hours every night Reduce stress through yoga, meditation, or light recreation Avoid tobacco in all forms Get regular heart screening if you have any risk factor What Happens If You Ignore These Symptoms? Ignoring sudden unexplained sweating, especially when it is linked to other symptoms, can have serious consequences. An untreated heart blockage can grow worse over time, eventually cutting off blood supply to the heart muscle. This can lead to a full heart attack, heart failure, or a life-threatening arrhythmia. Many patients in India delay seeking care because they mistake cardiac symptoms for gas, heat, or anxiety. Timely diagnosis and treatment can be life-saving. Do not wait for the symptoms to become severe before seeking expert cardiac care in Delhi NCR. Myth vs Fact Myth Fact Heart symptoms always come with severe chest pain. Some patients may have mild, silent or unusual symptoms like cold sweats or fatigue without any chest pain at all. Sweating is always due to heat or exercise. Cold sweats without exertion can be a serious cardiac warning sign and must be evaluated by a doctor. Only elderly people

When a mitral valve is diseased enough to require surgery, the first question every patient should ask is not “when do I have the operation” — it is “can my valve be repaired rather than replaced?” Mitral valve repair and mitral valve replacement are not equivalent options. Repair is significantly better when it is feasible — better survival, better heart muscle preservation, and no need for lifelong blood thinners. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida, explains how the repair vs replacement decision is made and what it means for your life after surgery.   Why Repair Is Always Preferred When Feasible The mitral valve is not just a mechanical flap. It is a complex functional unit — the two leaflets, the annulus (fibrous ring), the chordae tendineae (tendon-like cords), and the papillary muscles (muscle pillars inside the ventricle) all work together to ensure the valve opens fully and closes completely with each heartbeat. When this apparatus is preserved through repair, the left ventricle continues to function in its normal geometry. When it is replaced, the relationship between the valve and the ventricular muscle is altered — and long-term left ventricular function is slightly worse after replacement than after repair, even with the best prosthetic valves. The specific advantages of mitral valve repair over replacement: No prosthetic valve: No risk of prosthetic valve endocarditis (infection), no valve thrombosis risk, no structural valve deterioration over time No lifelong warfarin: After repair, anticoagulation is typically only needed for 3 months — then stopped entirely (unless atrial fibrillation is also present) Better left ventricular function: The subvalvular apparatus is preserved — which maintains the geometric relationship between the valve and the heart muscle Better long-term survival: Multiple large studies show superior 10 and 20-year survival after repair compared to replacement in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation No future valve replacement needed: A successful, durable repair is lifelong — no biological valve deterioration or need for a second operation in most patients What Determines Whether Repair Is Possible — The Anatomy The feasibility of mitral valve repair depends entirely on the anatomy of the diseased valve. Two factors matter most: 1. The Cause of the Valve Disease Degenerative mitral regurgitation (Barlow’s disease / fibroelastic deficiency): This is the most common cause of mitral valve disease in non-rheumatic patients — valve leaflets that prolapse (bow backward into the left atrium) due to elongated or ruptured chordae. This type is highly repairable in experienced hands. Repair rates of 95%+ are achievable at expert centres for posterior leaflet prolapse. Rheumatic mitral disease: Rheumatic scarring — the dominant cause of mitral valve disease in India — thickens, calcifies, and fuses the valve leaflets and the subvalvular apparatus. Mild to moderate rheumatic disease can sometimes be repaired. Severe rheumatic disease with extensive calcification, leaflet thickening, and subvalvular fusion is generally not repairable — replacement is required. Read more about rheumatic heart disease and its impact on the mitral valve. Functional mitral regurgitation: The valve itself is structurally normal but leaks because the left ventricle has dilated and the papillary muscles are displaced — pulling the leaflets apart. This type is the most technically demanding to repair durably and has higher recurrence rates. Repair vs replacement is individualised. 2. Extent of Leaflet and Subvalvular Disease A valve with isolated posterior leaflet prolapse affecting one segment is almost always repairable. A valve with prolapse of both leaflets, extensive chordal rupture, annular calcification, or rheumatic fibrosis of both leaflets and all chordae requires a much more complex repair — or replacement if the anatomy makes durable repair unlikely. The Repair Techniques Used Mitral valve repair is not a single operation — it is a set of techniques tailored to the specific anatomy: Resection and repair of prolapsing segments: The prolapsing portion of leaflet is excised and the remaining tissue is re-approximated — the most common technique for posterior leaflet prolapse Artificial chordae (ePTFE neo-chordae): New synthetic chords are attached from the papillary muscle to the leaflet edge, replacing ruptured native chordae — allows leaflet mobility to be restored without resection Commissurotomy: For rheumatic mitral stenosis with fused commissures — the fused edges are surgically split to widen the valve opening Annuloplasty ring: A shaped ring is sewn around the valve annulus — in virtually all repairs — to reduce the annulus to normal size, support the repair, and prevent recurrence of regurgitation What Mitral Valve Replacement Means — and When It Is the Right Choice When repair is not feasible, replacement is performed. The diseased valve is removed and a prosthetic valve — either mechanical or biological tissue — is sewn in its place. Mechanical valve: Lasts indefinitely but requires lifelong warfarin (INR 2.5–3.5 for mitral position). Standard choice in younger patients (under 60–65) with rheumatic heart disease in India — where reliability and durability over decades outweigh the inconvenience of anticoagulation. Biological tissue valve: Does not require lifelong warfarin after the initial 3 months. However, biological valves in the mitral position have a shorter lifespan in younger patients — typically 12–15 years before structural deterioration. More appropriate for elderly patients or those in whom anticoagulation is contraindicated. The Most Important Question to Ask Your Surgeon Before any mitral valve surgery, ask your cardiac surgeon directly: “Have you assessed whether my valve can be repaired? What is your personal repair rate for my type of valve disease?” This matters because mitral valve repair requires significantly more surgical skill and experience than replacement — and not every cardiac surgeon has high repair rates. If you are told replacement is necessary without a clear explanation of why repair was not attempted or not feasible, you are entitled to seek a second surgical opinion. For all types of heart valve surgery in Delhi NCR, including mitral valve repair and replacement, consult Dr. Ved Prakash at Yatharth Hospital, Greater Noida. Share your echocardiogram via WhatsApp at +91-9355255106 for a pre-assessment of repair feasibility before your visit. Frequently Asked Questions

Aortic stenosis is the most common serious heart valve disease in patients over 65 — and it is the condition that most frequently brings elderly patients to a cardiac surgeon’s clinic with the same story: “my parents have been told they need valve surgery but we’ve been told they’re too old or too frail.” That narrative is outdated. The arrival of TAVI — transcatheter aortic valve replacement — has changed the treatment landscape entirely. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida, explains aortic stenosis in elderly patients, when it becomes dangerous, and why age alone is no longer a barrier to treatment.   What Is Aortic Stenosis? The aortic valve sits between the left ventricle (the heart’s main pumping chamber) and the aorta (the main artery to the body). It opens with each heartbeat to let blood out and closes to prevent backflow. In aortic stenosis, the valve leaflets — normally thin and pliable — gradually thicken, stiffen, and calcify over decades. The valve opening progressively narrows until blood cannot flow freely from the heart to the body. The heart compensates initially by working harder — the left ventricular wall thickens to overcome the resistance. But this compensation has limits. When the valve becomes severely narrowed and the heart can no longer compensate, symptoms appear — and once they do, the clock starts. Aortic Stenosis Symptoms in Elderly Patients — The Critical Triad Three symptoms mark the transition from compensated to decompensated aortic stenosis. Each carries a specific prognostic implication: Breathlessness on Exertion The earliest and most common symptom. The heart cannot increase its output sufficiently during exercise — blood backs up into the lungs, causing breathlessness. Initially noticed on climbing stairs or walking uphill. As aortic stenosis worsens, the breathlessness occurs with less and less activity — until it is present at rest (pulmonary oedema). In elderly patients, this symptom is frequently attributed to age, obesity, or deconditioning — and the aortic stenosis diagnosis is missed for months or years. Syncope (Blackouts) Brief loss of consciousness — often during or immediately after exertion. The narrowed valve cannot allow the increased blood flow the body demands during activity, causing a momentary drop in cerebral perfusion. In the elderly, syncope from aortic stenosis is frequently misdiagnosed as a neurological event or orthostatic hypotension. An echocardiogram should be part of the work-up for every elderly patient with unexplained syncope. Chest Pain (Angina) The thickened left ventricle, pumping against the high resistance of the stenotic valve, outgrows its blood supply — producing angina from the heart muscle itself, even in patients without coronary artery disease. Aortic stenosis angina mimics coronary angina exactly — central chest tightness on exertion — but the cause is the valve, not the coronary arteries. Why Timing Matters — Survival Without Treatment Once symptoms appear in severe aortic stenosis, the prognosis without treatment is sobering: Symptom at Onset Average Survival Without Treatment Heart failure / breathlessness 1–2 years Syncope (blackouts) 2–3 years Angina (chest pain) 3–5 years These figures come from natural history studies conducted before modern treatment was available — but they remain clinically relevant because they illustrate why symptomatic severe aortic stenosis is treated as urgently as triple vessel coronary disease. The mistake many families make is waiting until the elderly patient is “more comfortable” or “stronger” before accepting treatment — during which time the ventricle continues to deteriorate, making eventual surgery more risky, not less. Treatment Options for Aortic Stenosis in Elderly Patients in India TAVI — Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation TAVI delivers a replacement biological tissue valve to the heart through a catheter in the groin artery — no chest incision, no stopping of the heart, no heart-lung machine. Most patients walk the next day and go home within 3–5 days. TAVI was developed specifically for high-risk and elderly patients who cannot safely undergo open surgery. Current ESC guidelines (2024) recommend TAVI as the preferred treatment for all patients over 75 with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis, regardless of surgical risk. For elderly patients who have been told “surgery is too risky at your age,” TAVI is the answer that was not available a decade ago. Read the complete guide on TAVI — transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Open Surgical Valve Replacement (SAVR) Open surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass — the traditional treatment. Hospital stay 7–10 days. For elderly patients who are relatively fit without major frailty or comorbidities, open surgery remains appropriate and delivers excellent results. The mechanical heart-lung machine time is the main additional risk in elderly patients with coexisting lung or kidney disease — which is exactly what TAVI eliminates. Medication Alone — Not a Treatment for the Stenosis No medication improves survival or slows progression in severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. Medications manage symptoms only — diuretics for breathlessness, rate control for atrial fibrillation. Medical management alone in symptomatic severe aortic stenosis is associated with the survival figures in the table above. The Most Common Reason Elderly Patients Are Not Treated — And Why It Is Often Wrong The most common reason elderly patients in India with severe aortic stenosis are not offered treatment is that the family or the non-specialist physician concludes that “they are too old” or “the heart is too weak” for surgery. In many cases, this is incorrect. TAVI specifically exists to treat these patients. An elderly patient who is too frail for open surgery may be a completely appropriate TAVI candidate. Before accepting a recommendation that an elderly family member with severe aortic stenosis “cannot be treated,” ask specifically whether they have been assessed by a Heart Team — cardiologist plus cardiac surgeon — for TAVI. This is the standard of care and is available at Yatharth Hospital, Greater Noida. Visit the heart valve surgery page or share the patient’s echocardiogram via WhatsApp at +91-9355255106 for a pre-assessment. Frequently Asked Questions — Aortic Stenosis Elderly Treatment India What are the symptoms of aortic stenosis in elderly patients? The three classic symptoms of severe

Your angiography report shows blockages and you are sitting in the hospital being told you need either a stent or bypass surgery — possibly within the next few hours. This is one of the most high-pressure, high-stakes moments a cardiac patient faces. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida, explains exactly how the bypass surgery vs stent decision is made — what factors determine which treatment is right for your specific angiogram.   First — You Do Not Have to Decide This Minute Unless you are having a heart attack right now (STEMI — ST elevation on your ECG, complete artery blockage), you are not in an emergency situation that requires an immediate decision on the table. For stable or planned angiography findings, you have time — hours or days at minimum — to understand your options, ask the right questions, and if needed, get a second opinion. You are never obligated to accept stenting on the same day as your diagnostic angiography. The Key Questions Your Angiogram Must Answer First Before anyone can tell you whether stent or bypass is right, the following must be clearly established from your angiogram: How many arteries are blocked? (one, two, or all three) Which arteries? (LAD, LCx, RCA — or left main?) How severe is each blockage? (percentage stenosis) What is the SYNTAX score? (a complexity score calculated from the angiogram) What is your ejection fraction? (from your echocardiogram) Do you have diabetes? The answer to these six questions determines the treatment recommendation — not individual preference, not which doctor you see first, and not which speciality the treating team belongs to. The Decision Framework — Based on Your Angiogram What Your Angiogram Shows Stent (PCI) Bypass Surgery (CABG) Single vessel, non-diabetic, simple lesion Usually appropriate Rarely needed Single vessel, LAD proximal, complex lesion Possible if technically suitable LIMA-LAD graft often preferred long-term Two vessel, non-diabetic, low SYNTAX May be appropriate Heart Team decision Two vessel, diabetic Higher restenosis risk Often preferred Three vessel disease, any patient High restenosis, more re-procedures Strongly preferred Three vessel disease + diabetes Significantly inferior outcomes (FREEDOM trial) Guideline recommendation Left main disease, any patient Only in selected low-risk anatomy Recommended in most cases Any + EF below 35% Incomplete revascularisation likely Survival benefit established What the SYNTAX Score Tells You If your cardiologist or cardiac surgeon mentions the SYNTAX score, this is what it means. The SYNTAX score is a number calculated from your angiogram that reflects the complexity of your coronary blockages — their location, length, degree of calcification, and how many branches are involved. SYNTAX score 0–22 (low): Angioplasty and bypass surgery produce equivalent long-term outcomes — angioplasty is a reasonable choice SYNTAX score 23–32 (intermediate): Heart Team discussion required — neither option is clearly superior, individual factors determine the recommendation SYNTAX score 33+ (high): Bypass surgery produces markedly better outcomes — angioplasty at this complexity carries significantly higher rates of re-blockage and heart attack Ask your cardiologist directly: “What is my SYNTAX score?” If they cannot tell you, that is itself a signal to seek a Heart Team review.   Why You Should Always Hear From a Cardiac Surgeon Before Deciding In India, most cardiac catheterisation labs are run by interventional cardiologists — who perform angioplasty but not bypass surgery. This creates a structural situation where the doctor recommending your treatment is only able to offer one of the two options. This is not a criticism — it is simply the reality of subspecialty medicine. The solution is the Heart Team model: a cardiologist and a cardiac surgeon review the same angiogram together and jointly recommend treatment. If you have multi-vessel disease and you have been offered angioplasty by an interventional cardiologist without any cardiac surgeon’s input, you are entitled — and advised — to get a cardiac second opinion from a CTVS surgeon who reviews your angiogram independently. Share your angiogram CD via WhatsApp to +91-9355255106 for Dr. Ved Prakash’s assessment before making any decision. What to Ask Before Accepting a Stent for Multi-Vessel Disease “What is my SYNTAX score?” “Has a cardiac surgeon reviewed my angiogram alongside you?” “Am I diabetic — and if so, has that been factored into this recommendation?” “What is the risk that this stent will need to be redone in 5 years?” “Is my LAD being stented — and is a LIMA bypass graft not being considered?” You can read more about understanding your angiography report and what the blockage percentages mean. Frequently Asked Questions — Angiography Shows Blockage Bypass or Stent My angiography shows one blockage — do I need bypass or a stent? For a single blockage in a non-diabetic patient with a technically suitable lesion, a stent is usually appropriate and sufficient. Bypass for single vessel disease is reserved for specific situations — proximal LAD disease or lesions not suitable for catheter-based treatment. My angiography shows three vessel disease — is bypass surgery mandatory? For most patients — especially diabetics and those with a high SYNTAX score — bypass surgery is the guideline-recommended treatment. The SYNTAX and FREEDOM trials confirm significantly better long-term outcomes versus stenting in triple vessel disease. Can I refuse bypass surgery and choose a stent instead? Yes — patients always have the right to decide. But for multi-vessel disease where bypass is guideline-recommended, choosing angioplasty carries a meaningfully higher risk of repeat procedures, heart attack, and long-term mortality. Get both a cardiologist’s and cardiac surgeon’s opinion before deciding. Do I have to decide immediately after angiography? No — for non-emergency stable findings, you have time to understand your options and seek a second opinion. Only an acute STEMI (complete blockage, active heart attack) requires immediate treatment without delay. Dr. Ved Prakash | Director, CTVS — Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida 📞 +91-9355255106  | 📧 drvedprakash@gmail.com  | Book Appointment → 323222

If your child has been diagnosed with a congenital heart defect and you are looking for a paediatric heart surgeon in the Noida or Greater Noida area — Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Sector 110, Greater Noida is 25–30 minutes from Noida City Centre. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS, performs the full range of paediatric and congenital cardiac surgery here — from neonatal emergencies to planned repairs in infants, children, and adolescents.   Congenital Heart Conditions Treated ASD (Atrial Septal Defect) Surgical patch closure · Device closure via catheter for suitable anatomy VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect) Surgical patch closure from 3–4 months · Device closure for muscular VSDs TOF (Tetralogy of Fallot) Complete intracardiac repair · VSD patch + right ventricular outflow tract relief TGA (Transposition of Great Arteries) Arterial switch operation — neonatal surgery within first 2 weeks of life Coarctation of Aorta Surgical repair · End-to-end anastomosis or patch aortoplasty TAPVC (Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection) Emergency neonatal repair · Pulmonary vein redirection to left atrium PDA (Patent Ductus Arteriosus) Surgical ligation · Device closure Complex single-ventricle disease Bidirectional Glenn shunt · Fontan completion Why Families From Noida Choose Yatharth Hospital 25–30 minutes from Noida City Centre — no Delhi traffic, expressway route Senior CTVS surgeon on-site — Dr. Ved Prakash has performed paediatric cardiac surgery from Medanta, Narayana, Sarvodaya, and Yatharth Neonatal cardiac surgical capability — for infants requiring surgery in the first days or weeks of life Dedicated paediatric cardiac pathway — separate from adult cardiac patients No waiting list — urgent and elective paediatric cases scheduled without the 6–12 week delays seen at government centres Ayushman Bharat, CGHS, ECHS, and all insurance accepted What to Do First — Before Travelling Share your child’s echocardiogram report via WhatsApp to +91-9355255106 — Dr. Ved Prakash reviews and advises on urgency and surgical plan If a foetal echocardiogram has detected a defect before birth — share the report and plan delivery accordingly Book OPD — confirm appointment before making the trip For more on the most common conditions treated, read about VSD in babies or visit the paediatric heart surgery service page. Frequently Asked Questions Is there a paediatric heart surgeon in Noida? Yes — Dr. Ved Prakash at Yatharth Hospital, Greater Noida (25–30 min from Noida City Centre) performs the full range of paediatric and congenital heart surgery including ASD, VSD, TOF, TGA, coarctation, TAPVC, and neonatal cardiac surgery. What age can children have heart surgery at Yatharth Hospital? From the neonatal period — including critical surgeries for TGA and TAPVC in the first days of life — through infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Age and weight are not barriers when surgery is medically necessary. How do I share my child’s echo report with Dr. Ved Prakash? WhatsApp the report to +91-9355255106. A pre-assessment is provided including likely surgical plan and timing — before you travel. Dr. Ved Prakash | Director, CTVS — Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida 📞 +91-9355255106  | 📧 drvedprakash@gmail.com  | Book a Consultation →

A congenital heart defect in children is a structural problem with the heart that is present from birth — and it is more common than most parents realise. Approximately 9 in every 1,000 babies born in India are affected. If your child has just been diagnosed, the most important thing to understand first is this: the majority of congenital heart defects can be completely corrected with surgery. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida, has been performing paediatric heart surgery since 2017 — operating on newborns, infants, and children with a wide range of congenital conditions. This guide is written for parents — to give you clear, honest answers in the most stressful weeks of your family’s life.   What Is a Congenital Heart Defect? A congenital heart defect is any abnormality in the heart’s structure that develops during pregnancy. The heart forms in the first 8 weeks of fetal development — and during this complex process, variations can occur in the walls between chambers, the heart valves, or the major blood vessels leaving the heart. Some defects are simple — a small hole between chambers that may close on its own. Others are complex — involving multiple structural abnormalities that require surgical correction in the first days or weeks of life. What Causes a Congenital Heart Defect? In most cases, no single identifiable cause is found. Known risk factors include: Chromosomal conditions such as Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21) — associated with ASD, VSD, and AV canal defects Rubella (German measles) infection in the mother during the first trimester Maternal diabetes — poorly controlled blood sugar during pregnancy increases risk Certain medications taken during pregnancy A family history of congenital heart disease — though most cases occur without family history Parents should not blame themselves. Congenital heart defects are not caused by anything the mother ate, did, or felt during pregnancy in the vast majority of cases. The Most Common Congenital Heart Defects in Children ASD — Atrial Septal Defect A hole in the wall (septum) between the two upper chambers (atria) of the heart. Small ASDs often close on their own in the first few years of life. Larger ASDs allow too much blood to flow from the left side to the right side — over time causing the right side of the heart to enlarge and leading to pulmonary hypertension if untreated. Larger ASDs are closed surgically or with a catheter-based device — both are extremely safe and effective. VSD — Ventricular Septal Defect The most common congenital heart defect — a hole between the two lower chambers (ventricles). Small VSDs often close spontaneously in infancy. Large VSDs cause significant left-to-right shunting of blood, leading to poor weight gain, breathlessness with feeding, frequent chest infections, and eventually pulmonary hypertension. Surgical closure restores completely normal circulation. TOF — Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of four structural defects — a large VSD, obstruction to blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs, an overriding aorta, and right ventricular thickening. The combination means oxygen-depleted (blue) blood is pumped to the body — causing cyanosis (bluish discolouration of the lips and fingernails). This is the classic “blue baby” condition. Complete surgical repair is typically performed between 3 and 6 months of age with excellent long-term outcomes. TAPVC — Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection The veins bringing oxygenated blood from the lungs connect to the wrong chamber — draining into the right side instead of the left. When this connection is obstructed (obstructed TAPVC), it is a neonatal emergency requiring surgery within hours or days of birth. Dr. Ved Prakash has experience with emergency TAPVC repair from the first days of life. TGA — Transposition of the Great Arteries The aorta and pulmonary artery are switched — the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the left. This means blue blood goes to the body and oxygenated blood recirculates to the lungs — incompatible with life without intervention. The arterial switch operation is performed in the first week of life. Warning Signs of a Heart Defect in a Child Cyanosis — bluish or purplish discolouration of the lips, tongue, or fingernails Feeding difficulties in infants — the baby tires quickly during feeds, takes a long time, or feeds poorly Poor weight gain — not growing as expected in the first months of life Sweating during feeds — excessive sweating while feeding is a classic sign of heart strain in infants Recurrent chest infections — frequent bronchiolitis or pneumonia in infancy Heart murmur detected on examination at birth or well-baby checks Exercise intolerance in older children — tiring much faster than peers, stopping to rest, breathlessness on mild activity How Is a Congenital Heart Defect Diagnosed? Foetal echocardiogram: Many defects are now detected before birth during routine anomaly scans at 18–20 weeks. This allows planned delivery at a centre with paediatric cardiac surgical capability. Neonatal echocardiogram: Performed immediately after birth when a murmur is heard or cyanosis is noted Pulse oximetry screening: Oxygen saturation checked in every newborn — a simple, painless test that detects many serious defects CT angiography: For complex anatomy where echocardiogram alone is insufficient for surgical planning Cardiac catheterisation: For precise pressure measurements in cases with suspected pulmonary hypertension What Does Treatment Involve? Treatment depends entirely on the type and severity of the defect. Options include: Watchful waiting: For small ASDs and VSDs likely to close spontaneously — monitored with regular echocardiograms Catheter-based device closure: For suitable ASDs and VSDs — a device is delivered through a vein in the leg to plug the hole without surgery Open-heart surgery: For defects requiring direct repair under cardiopulmonary bypass — VSD closure, TOF repair, TAPVC repair, arterial switch Palliative surgery: For the most complex defects where complete repair is not possible in one operation — a staged approach over the first years of life Frequently Asked Questions — Congenital Heart Defect in Children My baby has been diagnosed with a

Before agreeing to any heart surgery, every patient has the right — and the responsibility — to ask their cardiac surgeon the right questions. A confident, experienced surgeon welcomes these questions. The answers will tell you a great deal about both the surgeon and whether the recommended surgery is truly in your best interest. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida, has guided hundreds of patients through this process. Here are the 10 most important questions to ask your cardiac surgeon before heart surgery — and what to look for in the answers.   Why Asking Questions Before Heart Surgery Matters Heart surgery is one of the most significant medical decisions a person can make. It is not reversible once done. The risks, the recovery, the long-term implications — all of these deserve a clear answer before you sign the consent form. The best cardiac surgeons encourage questions. They take time. They do not make you feel rushed. If a surgeon cannot or will not answer these questions clearly — that itself is important information. The 10 Questions to Ask Your Cardiac Surgeon 1. “Is surgery definitely necessary for my condition, or are there non-surgical options?” This is the first and most important question. For some conditions (certain valve diseases, some coronary blockages), medical management or less invasive catheter procedures are valid alternatives. A good surgeon will explain why surgery is recommended over alternatives for your specific anatomy — not give a blanket “you need surgery” without explanation. 2. “What happens if I delay surgery or do not have it at all?” Understanding the natural history of your condition is essential. Is delaying dangerous? Will the condition worsen significantly in 3–6 months? Or is there a safe window to get a second opinion and reflect? The answer varies dramatically by condition — aortic stenosis with symptoms is urgent; mild mitral regurgitation with no symptoms may be monitored safely for years. 3. “How many times have you performed this specific operation?” Volume matters in cardiac surgery. A surgeon who performs 50+ bypass surgeries per year has outcomes that are consistently better than one who performs 10. Ask specifically about the operation being recommended for you — not cardiac surgery in general. An experienced surgeon will answer this question directly and with confidence. 4. “What is your personal success rate for this operation?” Ask for mortality and major complication rates — not just national averages. A senior experienced cardiac surgeon should be able to share their own data. This is not an aggressive question. It is a reasonable one that any ethical surgeon will be comfortable answering. 5. “What are the risks specific to MY case — not just the general risks?” Generic risk percentages from medical literature do not apply equally to every patient. Your specific risks depend on your age, heart function (ejection fraction), kidney function, diabetes, lung function, and previous operations. Ask your surgeon to apply the risk specifically to your profile — not just read from a standard consent form. 6. “Will you be performing my surgery personally — or will a trainee or fellow?” In teaching hospitals, it is not uncommon for senior registrars or fellows to perform significant portions of an operation under supervision. You have the right to know this. Ask who specifically will be performing your surgery and what their level of involvement will be. You should feel comfortable with the answer. 7. “What is the recovery timeline and what restrictions will I have?” Understanding recovery helps you plan practically — for family support, work leave, childcare, and rehabilitation. Ask specifically: How long in hospital? When can I drive? When can I return to work? When can I exercise? When can I travel? A surgeon who cannot answer these clearly has not spent enough time thinking about you as a person. 8. “What medications will I need after surgery and for how long?” Some medications are lifelong (aspirin, statins after bypass). Mechanical valve recipients need lifelong warfarin with regular blood monitoring. Knowing this in advance helps you plan and avoids surprises at discharge. Ask also about what happens if you miss doses or need to stop a medication before another procedure. 9. “Should I get a second opinion before deciding?” A confident, ethical cardiac surgeon will answer this question with a clear “yes, if you wish to.” Any surgeon who discourages a second opinion, or who suggests that delaying for a second opinion is dangerous (when clinically it is not), should be approached with caution. A second opinion is your right — and often confirms that surgery is indeed the right decision, giving you much greater peace of mind. 10. “What is the follow-up plan after surgery?” Cardiac surgery is not a one-time event — it begins a lifelong relationship with cardiac care. Ask: How often will I be seen after surgery? What investigations will be needed (echocardiogram, blood tests)? Who do I contact if I have symptoms after discharge? A surgeon with a clear, structured follow-up plan is one who takes long-term outcomes seriously. What the Answers Should Tell You Good Sign Warning Sign Takes time to answer each question fully Rushes you through or seems irritated Quotes their own outcomes data Gives only general statistics Encourages a second opinion Discourages second opinion or says “no time” Explains non-surgical alternatives honestly Presents surgery as the only option without explanation Gives a clear structured recovery timeline Vague about recovery or restrictions When Should You Get a Second Opinion? Always consider a second opinion when: The surgery recommended is major (bypass, valve replacement, aortic surgery) You feel uncertain or rushed The recommendation conflicts with what another cardiologist said The surgeon could not clearly answer questions 1, 3, 4, or 5 above You simply want peace of mind before proceeding   A cardiac second opinion in Delhi NCR with Dr. Ved Prakash is available in-person at Yatharth Hospital, Greater Noida — or online via WhatsApp if you are outside

Aortic stenosis is a condition where the aortic valve — the valve between the heart and the body’s main artery — becomes stiff, calcified, and narrowed over time, forcing the heart to push blood through an increasingly small opening. It is the most common heart valve condition in adults over 65, and it gets progressively worse with every passing year without treatment. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida, explains what aortic stenosis means, why it is dangerous if left untreated, and what surgical and catheter-based treatment options are now available in Delhi NCR.   What Is Aortic Stenosis — Simply Explained The aortic valve has three thin leaflets that open wide with each heartbeat to let blood pass from the left ventricle into the aorta (the body’s main artery), then close tightly to prevent it flowing back. In aortic stenosis, calcium deposits accumulate on these leaflets over decades — stiffening and fusing them together. The result is an increasingly narrow valve opening. The heart’s left ventricle must squeeze much harder to push blood through this narrowed gap. Over years, this extra workload thickens and stiffens the heart muscle — until eventually the heart can no longer compensate, and symptoms appear. Once symptoms appear, the condition becomes rapidly life-threatening without intervention. What Causes Aortic Stenosis? Age-related calcification: The most common cause in patients over 65. Years of wear cause calcium to deposit on the valve leaflets, progressively narrowing the opening. This process is similar to atherosclerosis (artery hardening) and shares the same risk factors. Bicuspid aortic valve: Normally the aortic valve has three leaflets. Approximately 1–2% of people are born with only two (bicuspid). This abnormal valve wears out and calcifies much earlier — often causing significant stenosis in patients aged 40–60 rather than 65–80. Rheumatic heart disease: Childhood streptococcal infection causing rheumatic fever can scar the aortic valve — a significant cause in India in patients now aged 30–60. Aortic Stenosis Symptoms — The Three Cardinal Signs Aortic stenosis is notorious for being completely silent for decades — and then becoming dangerous very rapidly once symptoms appear. The three classic symptoms that indicate severe aortic stenosis are: 1. Angina — Chest Pain on Exertion The thickened heart muscle demands more blood than the narrowed coronary arteries can deliver during activity. This causes chest tightness or pressure on exertion — even without any coronary artery blockage. Average survival without intervention after angina appears: 5 years. 2. Syncope — Fainting or Near-Fainting on Exertion When the narrowed valve cannot increase blood flow during exercise, blood pressure drops suddenly — causing dizziness, light-headedness, or fainting. This is a serious warning sign. Average survival without intervention after syncope: 3 years. 3. Breathlessness — Heart Failure Symptoms When the heart’s left ventricle can no longer compensate for the extra workload, it fails — causing fluid to back up into the lungs. Breathlessness on exertion, inability to lie flat, and swollen ankles indicate heart failure from aortic stenosis. Average survival without intervention after heart failure symptoms: 1–2 years. These survival figures come from the natural history studies of aortic stenosis — and they are why Dr. Ved Prakash recommends intervention promptly once symptoms appear, regardless of patient age. How Is Aortic Stenosis Diagnosed? Stethoscope: A characteristic harsh systolic murmur is audible — often the first clue Echocardiogram: The definitive investigation — measures the valve area, the pressure gradient across the valve, and the heart’s ejection fraction (pumping function) CT angiography: Needed before TAVI to plan the procedure precisely Coronary angiography: Performed before surgical valve replacement in patients over 50 to check for coincidental coronary blockages Treatment Options for Aortic Stenosis in Delhi NCR Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement (SAVR) Open-heart surgery to remove the calcified native valve and replace it with a mechanical or biological prosthetic valve. The gold standard for younger patients (under 70–75) who are suitable for open surgery. Performed under general anaesthesia through a chest incision. TAVI — Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation A catheter-based procedure that delivers a replacement valve through the femoral artery in the groin — no chest incision required. For elderly patients or those with significant comorbidities that make open surgery high-risk, TAVI surgery in Delhi NCR offers equivalent outcomes to open surgery with dramatically faster recovery — most patients are discharged in 3–5 days and walking within 24 hours. Every patient at Yatharth Hospital is assessed by a multidisciplinary Heart Team before a recommendation is made — the anatomy and the patient’s overall health determine whether open surgery or TAVI is the right choice. Frequently Asked Questions — What Is Aortic Stenosis What is aortic stenosis and is it serious? Aortic stenosis is a progressive narrowing of the aortic heart valve. Once it reaches a severe stage and symptoms appear, it is serious — the average survival without treatment is 1–5 years depending on which symptoms are present. With timely surgery or TAVI, most patients recover well and live a normal lifespan. Can aortic stenosis be treated without surgery? No effective medication can open a calcified aortic valve or slow its progression significantly. Medications manage symptoms temporarily but cannot change the outcome. Surgical valve replacement or TAVI is the only definitive treatment. At what age does aortic stenosis usually need treatment? Age-related calcific aortic stenosis typically requires treatment in the late 60s to 80s. Bicuspid aortic valve disease often requires intervention earlier — in the 40s to 60s. Rheumatic aortic stenosis can appear from the 30s onwards in India. How is aortic stenosis different from aortic regurgitation? Aortic stenosis means the valve is too narrow and restricts blood flow out of the heart. Aortic regurgitation means the valve leaks and blood flows backwards into the heart from the aorta. Both eventually damage the heart muscle but through different mechanisms. Both may require surgery or valve replacement. Is TAVI available for aortic stenosis in Delhi NCR? Yes. TAVI surgery is available at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida, performed by Dr. Ved Prakash.

Mitral valve disease symptoms can be silent for years — and when they do appear, they are often mistaken for fitness issues, age, or general tiredness. By the time breathlessness or palpitations become significant, the heart muscle may already have been strained for a prolonged period. Dr. Ved Prakash, Director of CTVS at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Greater Noida, explains what the mitral valve does, how it becomes diseased, and what the symptoms mean — so you can act before the condition becomes harder to treat.   What Is the Mitral Valve and What Does It Do? The mitral valve sits between the left atrium and left ventricle — the two chambers on the left side of the heart that receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and pump it to the body. Its job is to open fully when blood flows from the atrium into the ventricle, then close completely to prevent blood flowing backwards when the ventricle pumps. When the mitral valve does not open fully (mitral stenosis) or does not close properly (mitral regurgitation), it disrupts the heart’s pumping efficiency — and over time, places serious strain on the heart and lungs. The Two Types of Mitral Valve Disease Mitral Stenosis — The Narrowed Valve Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve opening, most commonly caused by rheumatic fever in childhood — a complication of untreated streptococcal throat infection. Rheumatic heart disease remains a significant problem across India, particularly in patients now aged 30–60 who had rheumatic fever as children without adequate treatment. As the valve opening narrows, blood backs up into the lungs — causing breathlessness, exercise intolerance, and eventually atrial fibrillation (irregular heartbeat). Mitral Regurgitation — The Leaking Valve Mitral regurgitation occurs when the valve leaflets do not close completely and blood leaks backwards into the left atrium with each heartbeat. Causes include mitral valve prolapse (the leaflets bow backwards), degenerative valve disease (wear over time), and rheumatic heart disease affecting the valve leaflets. The leaking means the heart pumps the same blood twice — forward to the body and backwards into the lungs — causing progressive heart muscle strain. Mitral Valve Disease Symptoms — What to Watch For Breathlessness on exertion — particularly when climbing stairs, walking uphill, or carrying weight. Often the first and most common symptom. Breathlessness lying flat — many patients with mitral disease sleep with extra pillows because lying flat causes fluid to shift to the lungs (orthopnoea). Waking at night short of breath — called paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea. The patient wakes gasping or coughing and must sit upright to breathe comfortably. Palpitations — a racing, irregular, or fluttering heartbeat. Mitral stenosis is a major cause of atrial fibrillation, which significantly worsens symptoms and increases stroke risk. Fatigue and reduced exercise capacity — the heart cannot increase its output normally during activity because the diseased valve restricts flow. Swelling of ankles and feet — as the condition advances and right-sided heart pressure increases. Cough — sometimes with blood-tinged sputum — in severe mitral stenosis, elevated lung pressure can cause bleeding into the airways. How Is Mitral Valve Disease Diagnosed? Stethoscope examination: A characteristic murmur is heard — a trained cardiologist or surgeon can identify mitral valve disease from the sound alone Echocardiogram (Echo): The primary investigation — shows the valve structure, opening area, degree of leaking, and the impact on heart chambers ECG: May show atrial fibrillation or signs of left atrial enlargement Chest X-ray: May show an enlarged heart or fluid in the lungs Cardiac catheterisation: Occasionally needed to assess coronary arteries before surgery in older patients When Does Mitral Valve Disease Need Surgery? Surgery is recommended when: Symptoms (breathlessness, palpitations, reduced exercise capacity) are present and moderate-to-severe The echocardiogram shows the heart chambers are enlarging — even before symptoms appear Atrial fibrillation develops as a result of the valve disease The ejection fraction begins to fall — indicating the heart muscle is under strain Waiting too long is the most common mistake. Surgery performed before the left ventricle is significantly enlarged delivers far better long-term results than surgery performed after the heart has been damaged by years of volume overload. Mitral Valve Treatment Options Mitral valve repair: The preferred operation for mitral regurgitation in suitable cases. The patient’s own valve is reconstructed — no prosthetic implanted, no lifelong blood thinners required. Dr. Ved Prakash attempts repair in every anatomically suitable case. Mitral valve replacement: For valves that are too damaged to repair — most commonly severely calcified rheumatic valves. A mechanical or biological prosthetic valve is implanted. Balloon mitral valvotomy: A catheter-based procedure for suitable cases of mitral stenosis — a balloon is used to widen the narrowed valve without surgery. Only applicable when the valve leaflets are pliable and not heavily calcified. Frequently Asked Questions — Mitral Valve Disease Symptoms What are the early symptoms of mitral valve disease? The earliest symptom is usually breathlessness that is mildly worse than expected for your age and fitness level — particularly on exertion. Many patients initially attribute this to being unfit or getting older. A routine echocardiogram prompted by a heart murmur is how many cases are first diagnosed. Can mitral valve disease be treated without surgery? Medications can control heart rate and manage fluid retention (diuretics) — relieving symptoms temporarily. They cannot repair a structurally diseased valve. Surgery or intervention is required for definitive treatment once the disease reaches a moderate-to-severe stage. Is mitral valve disease caused by rheumatic fever common in India? Yes — India carries one of the world’s highest burdens of rheumatic heart disease. Patients now aged 30–60 who had sore throats and joint pains as children (often treated inadequately) frequently present with significant mitral valve disease decades later. Can mitral valve disease cause a stroke? Yes — particularly when mitral stenosis leads to atrial fibrillation. The irregular heartbeat causes blood to pool in the left atrium and form clots, which can travel to the brain. Anticoagulation (blood thinners) is started as soon